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Introduction to vortex filaments in equilibrium
Andersen, Timothy D.
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Introduction to vortex filaments in equilibrium
Author :
Andersen, Timothy D.
Publisher :
Springer,
Pub. Year :
2014
Subjects :
Nonlinear waves -- Mathematics. Statistical mechanics. Magnetohydrodynamics.
Call Number :
QA 927 .A63 2014
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The Avionics Handbook
(1)
Preface
(5)
Biography
(6)
Contributors
(7)
Contents
(9)
Section I Elements
(12)
1. AS 15531/MIL-STD- 1553B Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus
(14)
1.1 Introduction
(14)
1.1.1 Background
(14)
1.1.2 History and Applications
(16)
1.2 The Standard
(16)
1.2.1 Hardware Elements
(17)
1.2.1.1 Transmission Media
(17)
1.2.1.2 Remote Terminal
(18)
1.2.1.3 Bus Controller
(20)
1.2.1.4 Bus Monitor
(20)
1.2.1.5 Terminal Hardware
(21)
1.3 Protocol
(22)
1.3.1 Word Types
(22)
1.3.1.1 Sync Fields
(23)
1.3.1.2 Command Word
(23)
1.3.1.3 Data Word
(23)
1.3.1.4 Status Word
(24)
1.3.1.4.1 Resetting the Status Word
(24)
1.3.1.4.2 Status Word Bits
(24)
1.3.2 Message Formats, Validation, and Timing
(26)
1.3.2.1 Bus Controller to Remote Terminal
(27)
1.3.2.2 Remote Terminal to Bus Controller
(27)
1.3.2.3 Remote Terminal to Remote Terminal
(27)
1.3.2.3.1 RT-RT Validation
(27)
1.3.2.4 Mode Command Formats
(28)
1.3.2.5 Broadcast Information Transfer Formats
(28)
1.3.2.6 Command and Message Validation
(28)
1.3.2.7 Illegal Commands
(28)
1.3.2.8 Terminal Response Time
(29)
1.3.2.9 Intermessage Gap
(29)
1.3.2.10 Superseding Commands
(29)
1.3.3 Mode Codes
(29)
1.3.3.1 Mode Code Identifier
(30)
1.3.3.2 Mode Code Functions
(30)
1.3.3.3 Required Mode Codes
(33)
1.3.3.4 Broadcast Mode Codes
(34)
1.4 Systems-Level Issues
(34)
1.4.1 Subaddress Utilization
(34)
1.4.1.1 Extended Subaddressing
(34)
1.4.2 Data Wraparound
(35)
1.4.3 Data Buffering
(35)
1.4.4 Variable Message Blocks
(35)
1.4.5 Sample Consistency
(36)
1.4.6 Data Validation
(36)
1.4.7 Major and Minor Frame Timing
(36)
1.4.8 Error Processing
(37)
1.5 Testing
(37)
Further Information
(38)
2. ARINC 429
(40)
2.1 Introduction
(40)
2.2 ARINC 419
(40)
2.3 ARINC 429
(41)
2.3.1General
(41)
2.3.2 History
(41)
2.3.3 Design Fundamentals
(42)
2.3.3.1 Equipment Interconnection
(42)
2.3.3.2 Modulation
(42)
2.3.3.3 Voltage Levels
(42)
2.3.3.4 Impedance Levels
(43)
2.3.3.4.1 Transmitter Output Impedance
(43)
2.3.3.4.2 Receiver Input Impedance
(43)
2.3.3.4.3 Cable Impedance
(43)
2.3.3.5 Fault Tolerance
(43)
2.3.3.5.1 Transmitter External Fault Voltage
(43)
2.3.3.5.2 Transmitter External Fault Load Tolerance
(44)
2.3.3.6 Fault Isolation
(44)
2.3.3.6.1 Receiver Fault Isolation
(44)
2.3.3.6.2 Transmitter Fault Isolation
(44)
2.3.3.7 Logic-Related Elements
(44)
2.3.3.7.1 Digital Language
(44)
2.4 Message and Word Formatting
(45)
2.4.1 Direction of Information Flow
(45)
2.4.2 Information Element
(45)
2.4.3 Information Identifier
(45)
2.4.4 Source/Destination Identifier
(45)
2.4.5 Sign/Status Matrix
(46)
2.4.5.1 BCD Numeric
(47)
2.4.5.2 BNR Numeric Data Words
(47)
2.4.5.3 Discrete Data Words
(48)
2.4.6 Data Standards
(49)
2.5 Timing-Related Elements
(49)
2.5.1 Bit Rate
(50)
2.5.1.1 High-Speed Operation
(50)
2.5.1.2 Low-Speed Operation
(50)
2.5.2 Information Rates
(50)
2.5.3 Clocking Method
(50)
2.5.4 Word Synchronization
(50)
2.5.5 Timing Tolerances
(50)
2.6 Communications Protocols
(51)
2.6.1 Development of File Data Transfer
(51)
2.6.1.1 File Data Transfer Techniques
(51)
2.6.1.2 Data Transfer
(51)
2.6.1.3 Broadcast Data
(51)
2.6.1.4 Transmission Order
(51)
2.6.1.5 Data Bit Encoding Logic
(51)
2.6.1.6 Bit-Oriented Protocol Determination
(51)
2.6.2 Bit-Oriented Communications Protocol
(52)
2.6.2.1 Link Data Units (LDU)
(52)
2.6.2.2 Link Data Unit (LDU) Size and Word Count
(53)
2.6.2.3 System Address Labels (SALs)
(53)
2.6.2.4 Bit Rate and Word Timing
(53)
2.6.2.5 Word Type
(53)
2.6.2.6 Protocol Words
(53)
2.6.2.6.1 Protocol Identifier
(54)
2.6.2.6.2 Destination Code
(54)
2.6.2.6.3 Word Count
(54)
2.7 Applications
(54)
2.7.1 Initial Implementation
(54)
2.7.2 Evolution of Controls
(54)
2.7.3 Longevity of ARINC 429
(55)
2.8 ARINC 453
(55)
3. Commercial Standard Digital Bus
(56)
3.1 Introduction
(56)
3.2 Bus Architecture
(56)
3.3 Basic Bus Operation
(57)
3.4 CSDB Bus Capacity
(58)
3.5 CSDB Error Detection and Correction
(59)
3.6 Bus User Monitoring
(59)
3.7 Integration Considerations
(59)
3.7.1 Physical Integration
(59)
3.7.2 Logical Integration
(60)
3.7.3 Software Integration
(60)
3.7.4 Functional Integration
(61)
3.8 Bus Integration Guidelines
(61)
3.9 Bus Testing
(61)
3.10 Aircraft Implementations
(62)
Defining Terms
(62)
References
(63)
Further Information
(63)
Bibliography
(63)
4. Head-Up Displays
(65)
4.1 Introduction
(65)
4.2 HUD Fundamentals
(65)
4.2.1 Optical Configurations
(67)
4.2.1.1 Refractive Optical Systems
(68)
4.2.1.2 Reflective Optical Systems
(68)
4.2.2 Significant Optical Performance Characteristics
(70)
4.2.2.1 Display Luminance and Contrast Ratio
(70)
4.2.2.2 Head Motion Box
(71)
4.2.2.3 HUD Display Accuracy
(71)
4.2.2.4 HUD Parallax Errors
(71)
4.2.2.5 Display Line Width
(72)
4.2.3 HUD Mechanical Installation
(72)
4.2.4 HUD System Hardware Components
(73)
4.2.4.1 HUD Overhead Unit
(73)
4.2.4.2 HUD Combiner
(74)
4.2.4.3 HUD Computer
(75)
4.2.4.4 HUD Control Panel
(78)
4.2.5 Aspects of HUD Certification
(79)
4.3 Applications and Examples
(80)
4.3.1 Symbology Sets and Modes
(81)
4.3.1.1 Primary Mode
(81)
4.3.1.1.1 Primary Mode: Low-Visibility Take-off (HGS Guidance)
(82)
4.3.1.1.2 Primary Mode: Climb
(82)
4.3.1.1.3 Primary Mode: Cruise
(83)
4.3.2 AIII Approach Mode
(83)
4.3.2.1 AIII Mode System Monitoring
(84)
4.3.2.2 Unusual Attitude
(84)
4.3.3 Mode Selection and Data Entry
(85)
4.3.3.1 Mode Selection
(85)
4.3.3.2 Data Entry
(86)
4.3.4 HUD Guidance
(86)
4.3.4.1 Annunciations
(86)
4.3.5 Recent Developments
(87)
4.3.5.1 Color HUD
(87)
4.3.5.2 Display of Enhanced Vision Sensor Images
(87)
Defining Terms
(88)
References
(88)
5. Head-Mounted Displays
(89)
5.1 Introduction
(89)
5.2 What Is an HMD?
(91)
5.2.1 Image Sources for HMDs
(93)
5.2.2 Optical Design
(95)
5.2.3 Head Mounting
(97)
5.3 The HMD as Part of the Visually Coupled System
(98)
5.4 HMD System Considerations and Trade-Offs
(101)
5.4.1 Ocularity
(101)
5.4.2 Field of View and Resolution
(102)
5.4.3 Luminance and Contrast in High Ambient Luminance Environments
(104)
5.5 Summary
(106)
Recommended Reading
(106)
References
(106)
6. Display Devices: RSD™ (Retinal Scanning Display)
(110)
6.1 Introduction
(110)
6.2 An Example Avionic HMD Challenge
(111)
6.3 CRTs and MFPs
(112)
6.4 Laser Advantages, Eye Safety
(112)
6.5 Light Source Availability and Power Requirements
(113)
6.6 Microvision’s Laser Scanning Concept
(113)
6.6.1 Government Testing of the RSD HMD Concept
(115)
6.6.2 Improving RSD Image Quality
(115)
6.7 Next Step
(116)
Defining Terms
(116)
Acknowledgments
(117)
References
(117)
Further Information
(117)
7. Night Vision Goggles
(118)
7.1 Introduction
(118)
7.1.1 NVG as Part of the Avionics Suite
(118)
7.1.2 What Are NVG?
(118)
7.1.3 History of NVG in Aviation
(119)
7.1.3.1 1950s
(119)
7.1.3.2 1960s
(119)
7.1.3.3 1970s
(119)
7.1.3.4 1980s
(119)
7.1.3.5 1990s
(120)
7.2 Fundamentals
(120)
7.2.1 Theory of Operation
(120)
7.2.2 Amplification of the Night Scene
(122)
7.2.3 NVG Does Not Work without Compatible Lighting!
(123)
7.2.4 Integration into Aircraft
(126)
7.3 Applications and Examples
(126)
7.3.1 Gen III and AN/AVS-6 ANVIS
(126)
7.3.2 Gen II and AN/PVS-5 NVG
(127)
7.3.3 Cat’s Eyes
(128)
7.3.4 NVG HUD
(129)
7.3.5 ANVIS HUD
(129)
7.3.6 Panoramic NVG
(129)
7.3.7 Low Profile NVG
(129)
7.3.8 Integrated Systems
(130)
7.3.9 Testing and Maintaining the NVG
(130)
7.3.10 Lighting Design Considerations
(130)
7.3.11 Types of Filters/Lighting Sources
(135)
7.3.12 Evaluating Aircraft Lighting
(135)
7.3.13 Measurement Equipment
(135)
7.3.14 Nighttime Illumination — Moon Phases
(136)
7.3.15 NVG in Civil Aviation
(137)
References
(138)
Further Information
(139)
8. Speech Recognition and Synthesis
(140)
8.1 Introduction
(140)
8.2 How Speech Recognition Works: A Simplistic View
(141)
8.2.1 Types of Speech Recognizers
(142)
8.2.1.1 Speaker-Dependent Systems
(142)
8.2.1.2 Speaker-Independent Recognizers
(142)
8.2.2 Vocabularies
(142)
8.2.3 Modes of Operation for Speech Recognizers
(143)
8.2.3.1 Continuous Recognition
(143)
8.2.3.2 Discrete Word Recognition
(143)
8.2.4 Methods of Error Reduction
(143)
8.2.4.1 Reduced Vocabulary
(145)
8.2.4.2 Grammar
(145)
8.3 Recent Applications
(145)
8.4 Flightdeck Applications
(146)
8.4.1 Navigation Functions
(146)
8.4.2 Communication Functions
(146)
8.4.3 Checklist
(147)
Defining Terms
(147)
References
(148)
Bibliography
(148)
Further Information
(149)
9. Human Factors Engineering and Flight Deck Design
(150)
9.1 Introduction
(150)
9.2 Fundamentals
(151)
9.2.1 Human Factors Engineering
(151)
9.2.1.1 Usability
(152)
9.2.1.2 Workload
(153)
9.2.1.3 Situation Awareness
(153)
9.2.2 Flight Deck Design
(153)
9.2.2.1 Flight Deck Design Philosophy
(154)
9.2.2.2 Pilot/Flight Deck Interfaces
(155)
9.2.2.3 Pilot/Flight Deck Interaction
(159)
9.2.3 Evaluation
(159)
9.3 Additional Considerations
(160)
9.3.1 Standardization
(160)
9.3.2 Error Management
(162)
9.3.3 Integration with Training/Qualification and Procedures
(163)
References
(164)
10. Batteries
(165)
10.1 Introduction
(165)
10.2 General Principles
(166)
10.2.1 Battery Fundamentals
(166)
10.3 Lead-Acid Batteries
(167)
10.3.1 Theory of Operation
(167)
10.3.2 Cell Construction
(168)
10.3.3 Battery Construction
(168)
10.3.4 Discharge Performance
(168)
10.3.5 Charge Methods
(168)
10.3.6 Temperature Effects and Limitations
(169)
10.3.7 Service Life
(170)
10.3.8 Storage Characteristics
(171)
10.3.9 Maintenance Requirements
(172)
10.3.10 Failure Modes and Fault Detection
(173)
10.3.11 Disposal
(173)
10.4 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
(173)
10.4.1 Theory of Operation
(173)
10.4.2 Cell Construction
(174)
10.4.3 Battery Construction
(174)
10.4.4 Discharge Performance
(174)
10.4.5 Charge Methods
(174)
10.4.6 Temperature Effects and Limitations
(176)
10.4.7 Service Life
(176)
10.4.8 Storage Characteristics
(178)
10.4.9 Maintenance Requirements
(178)
10.4.10 Failure Modes and Fault Detection
(178)
10.4.11 Disposal
(179)
10.5 Applications
(179)
10.5.1 Commercial Aircraft
(179)
10.5.2 Military Aircraft
(187)
Defining Terms
(187)
References
(192)
Further Information
(193)
SECTION II Functions
(195)
11. Boeing B-777: Fly-By- Wire Flight Controls
(197)
11.1 Introduction
(197)
11.2 System Overview
(198)
11.3 Design Philosophy
(199)
11.4 System Architecture
(199)
11.4.1 Flight Deck Controls
(199)
11.4.2 System Electronics
(200)
11.4.3 ARINC 629 Data Bus
(200)
11.4.4 Interface to Other Airplane Systems
(200)
11.4.5 Electrical Power
(200)
11.5 Control Surface Actuation
(201)
11.5.1 Fly-by-Wire Actuation
(201)
11.5.2 Mechanical Control
(203)
11.6 Fault Tolerance
(203)
11.7 System Operating Modes
(205)
11.8 Control Laws and System Functionality
(205)
11.8.1 Pitch Control
(205)
11.8.2 Yaw Control
(206)
11.8.3 Roll Control
(207)
11.8.4 757 Test Bed
(207)
11.8.5 Actuator Force-Fight Elimination
(207)
11.9 Primary Flight Controls System Displays and Annunciations
(208)
11.10 System Maintenance
(208)
11.10.1 Central Maintenance Computer
(208)
11.10.2 Line Replaceable Units
(208)
11.10.3 Component Adjustment
(209)
11.11 Summary
(209)
Defining Terms
(209)
12. Electrical Flight Controls, From Airbus A320/330/340 to Future Military Transport Aircraft: A Fam...
(211)
12.1 Introduction
(211)
12.2 Fly-by-Wire Principles
(212)
12.3 Main System Features
(215)
12.3.1 Computer Arrangement
(215)
12.3.1.1 Redundancy
(215)
12.3.1.2 Dissimilarity
(215)
12.3.1.3 Serve-Control Arrangement
(216)
12.3.1.4 Flight Control Laws
(216)
12.3.1.5 Computer Architecture
(217)
12.3.1.6 Installation
(218)
12.4 Failure Detection and Reconfiguration
(218)
12.4.1 Flight Control Laws
(218)
12.4.2 Actuator Control and Monitor
(218)
12.4.3 Comparison and Robustness
(218)
12.4.4 Latent Failures
(218)
12.4.5 Reconfiguration
(219)
12.4.6 System Safety Assessment
(219)
12.4.7 Warning and Caution
(219)
12.5 A340 Particularities
(219)
12.5.1 System
(219)
12.5.2 Control Laws
(220)
12.6 Design, Development, and Validation Procedures
(220)
12.6.1 Fly-by-Wire System Certification Background
(220)
12.6.2 The A320 Experience
(221)
12.6.2.1 Design
(221)
12.6.2.2 Software
(221)
12.6.2.3 System Validation
(222)
12.6.3 The A340 Experience
(222)
12.6.3.1 Design
(222)
12.6.3.2 Automatic programming
(223)
12.6.3.3 System validation
(223)
12.7 Future Trends
(224)
References
(225)
13. Navigation Systems
(226)
13.1 Introduction
(226)
13.2 Coordinate Frames
(227)
13.3 Categories of Navigation
(227)
13.4 Dead Reckoning
(228)
13.5 Radio Navigation
(230)
13.6 Celestial Navigation
(233)
13.7 Map-Matching Navigation
(233)
13.8 Navigation Software
(234)
13.9 Design Trade-Offs
(234)
References
(234)
Further Information
(235)
14. Navigation and Tracking
(236)
14.1 Introduction
(236)
14.2 Fundamentals
(237)
14.3 Applications
(241)
14.3.1 Position and Velocity along a Line
(241)
14.3.2 Position and Velocity in Three-Dimensional Space
(243)
14.3.3 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of a Tracked Object
(244)
14.3.4 Position, Velocity, and Attitude in Three-Dimensional Space (INS Aiding)
(246)
14.3.5 Individual GPS Measurements as Observables
(247)
14.4 Conclusion
(249)
References
(249)
Further Information
(249)
15. Flight Management Systems
(250)
15.1 Introduction
(250)
15.2 Fundamentals
(251)
15.2.1 Navigation
(252)
15.2.1.1 Navigation Performance
(253)
15.2.1.2 Navigation Receiver Management
(254)
15.2.2 Flight Planning
(255)
15.2.2.1 Flight Plan Construction
(256)
15.2.2.2 Lateral Flight Planning
(257)
15.2.2.3 Vertical Flight Planning
(258)
15.2.2.4 Atmospheric Models
(258)
15.2.3 Trajectory Predictions
(258)
15.2.3.1 Lateral Profile
(259)
15.2.3.2 Vertical Profile
(260)
15.2.3.3 Maneuver Types
(262)
15.2.3.4 NDB Vertical Angles
(265)
15.2.4 Performance Computations
(266)
15.2.4.1 Speed Schedule Computation
(266)
15.2.4.2 Maximum and Optimum Altitudes
(267)
15.2.5 Guidance
(269)
15.2.5.1 Lateral Guidance
(269)
15.2.5.2 Vertical guidance
(271)
15.3 Summary
(274)
16. Synthetic Vision
(275)
16.1 Introduction
(275)
16.2 Background
(276)
16.3 Applications
(277)
16.4 Concepts
(277)
16.5 Challenges
(278)
16.6 Conclusion
(281)
Defining Terms
(281)
Further Information
(282)
17. Enhanced Situation Awareness
(283)
17.1 Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System
(283)
17.2 Fundamentals of Terrain Avoidance Warning
(284)
17.3 Operating Modes
(285)
17.3.1 Mode 1 — Excessive Descent Rate
(286)
17.3.2 Mode 2 — Excessive Closure Rate
(287)
17.3.3 Mode 3 — Accelerating Flight Path Back into the Terrain after Take-off
(287)
17.3.4 Mode 4 — Unsafe Terrain Clearance Based on Aircraft Configuration
(287)
17.3.5 Mode 5 — Significant Descent Below the ILS Landing Glide Path Approach Aid
(288)
17.3.6 Mode 6 — Miscellaneous Callouts and Advisories
(290)
17.3.7 Mode 7 — Flight into Windshear Conditions
(291)
17.3.8 Envelope Modulation
(292)
17.3.9 “Enhanced Modes”
(292)
17.3.9.1 Terrain Proximity Display
(292)
17.3.9.2 Terrain Ahead Alerting
(293)
17.3.9.3 Terrain Clearance Floor
(293)
17.4 EGPWS Standards
(293)
Further Information
(294)
18. TCAS II
(295)
18.1 Introduction
(295)
18.2 Components
(295)
18.3 Surveillance
(296)
18.4 Protected Airspace
(298)
18.5 Collision Avoidance Logic
(299)
18.6 Cockpit Presentation
(300)
SECTION III Requirements, Design Analysis, Validation, and Certification
(304)
19. Setting Requirements
(306)
19.1 Requirements-Setting for Avionics Systems
(306)
References
(308)
20.Digital Avionics Modeling and Simulation
(309)
20.1 Introduction
(309)
20.2 Underlying Principles
(310)
20.2.1 Historic Perspective
(310)
20.2.2 Economic Perspective
(310)
20.2.3 Design Perspective
(311)
20.2.4 Market Perspective
(312)
20.2.5 Requirements in the Trade Space
(312)
20.2.6 Technical Underpinnings of the Practice
(313)
20.2.7 Summary Comments
(313)
20.3 Best Practices
(314)
20.3.1 Requirements Engineering
(314)
20.3.2 Top-Down System Simulation
(315)
20.3.3 TDSS Plan
(316)
20.3.4 TDSS Process
(317)
20.3.5 Software Modeling in TDSS
(319)
20.4 Performance Modeling for System Partitioning (A Case Study)
(319)
20.4.1 System Description
(319)
20.4.2 Model Development
(321)
20.4.3 Modeling Results
(323)
20.4.4 Summary
(323)
20.5 Research Issues and Summary
(324)
Defining Terms
(324)
References
(324)
Further Information
(325)
21. Formal Methods
(326)
21.1 Introduction
(326)
21.2 Fundamentals of Formal Methods
(327)
21.2.1 Formal Specification
(327)
21.2.2 Formal Verification
(328)
21.2.3 Limitations
(328)
21.3 Example Application
(328)
21.3.1 English Specification of the Example System
(329)
21.3.2 Formally Specifying the Example System
(330)
21.3.2.1 Events
(331)
21.3.2.2 State Description
(331)
21.3.2.3 Formal Specification of Nextstate Function
(332)
21.3.2.4 Specifying the att_cwsMode
(333)
21.3.2.5 Specifying the cas_eng Mode
(334)
21.3.2.6 Specifying the fpa_sel Mode
(334)
21.3.2.7 Specifying the alt_eng Mode
(335)
21.3.2.8 Input to Displays
(337)
21.3.2.9 Other Actions
(338)
21.3.2.10 Initial State
(339)
21.3.3 Formal Verification of the Example System
(339)
21.3.4 Alternative Methods of Specifying Requirements
(341)
21.3.1 English Specification of the Example System
(329)
21.4 Some Additional Observations
(342)
Defining Terms
(343)
References
(343)
Further Information
(343)
22. Electronic Hardware Reliability
(345)
22.1 Introduction
(345)
22.2 Product Requirements and Constraints
(346)
22.3 The Product Life Cycle Environment
(347)
22.4 Characterization of Materials, Parts, and Manufacturing Processes
(348)
22.5 Parts Selection and Management
(348)
22.5.1 Candidate Part and Part Manufacturer Selection
(349)
22.5.2 Manufacturer, Part, and Distributor Assessment
(350)
22.5.3 Performance Assessment
(350)
22.5.4 Reliability Assessment
(351)
22.5.5 Assembly Issues
(352)
22.5.5.1 Assembly Compatibility
(352)
22.5.5.2 Routing Compatibility
(352)
22.5.5.3 Test and Rework Acceptability
(353)
22.5.6 Life Cycle Mismatch Assessment
(353)
22.5.7 Risk Management
(353)
22.6 Failure Modes and Mechanisms
(354)
22.7 Design Guidelines and Techniques
(356)
22.7.1 Protective Architectures
(356)
22.7.2 Stress Margins
(357)
22.7.3 Derating
(357)
22.7.4 Redundancy
(358)
22.8 Qualification and Accelerated Testing
(358)
22.8.1 Virtual Qualification
(359)
22.8.2 Accelerated Testing
(359)
22.9 Manufacturing Issues
(360)
22.9.1 Process Qualification
(361)
22.9.2 Manufacturability
(361)
22.9.3 Process Verification Testing
(362)
22.10 Summary
(363)
Defining Terms
(363)
References
(364)
Further Information
(365)
23. Certification of Civil Avionics
(366)
23.1 Introduction
(366)
23.2 Regulatory Basis of the Federal Aviation Administration
(367)
23.3 FAA Approvals of Avionics Equipment
(368)
23.3.1 Technical Standard Order
(368)
23.3.2 Supplemental Type Certificate
(369)
23.3.3 Type Certificate, Amended Type Certificate, and Service Bulletin
(371)
23.4 FAA Designees
(372)
23.5 System Requirements
(372)
23.6 Safety Assessment
(373)
23.7 Environmental Qualification
(375)
23.8 Software Assurance
(375)
23.9 Manufacturing Approvals
(377)
23.10 The Joint Aviation Authorities
(377)
23.11 Summary
(378)
Defining Terms
(378)
Further Information
(378)
24. Processes for Engineering a System
(379)
24.1 Introduction
(379)
24.2 Structure of the Standard
(380)
24.3 Role of the EIA 632 Standard
(380)
24.4 Heritage of EIA 632
(380)
24.5 The Processes
(381)
24.5.1 Process Hierarchy
(381)
24.5.2 Technical Management Processes
(381)
24.5.3 Acquisition and Supply Processes
(381)
24.5.4 System Design Processes
(381)
24.5.5 Product Realization Processes
(381)
24.5.6 Technical Evaluation Processes
(382)
24.6 Project Context
(382)
24.7 Key Concepts
(383)
24.7.1 The System and Its Products
(383)
24.7.2 Building Block Framework
(386)
24.7.3 Development of Enabling Products
(387)
24.7.4 Relationship Between the Building Blocks and the Processes
(387)
24.7.5 Hierarchy of Building Blocks
(389)
24.7.6 Requirements
(390)
24.7.7 Functional, Performance, and Interface Requirements
(394)
24.7.8 Verification and Validation
(395)
Defining Terms
(395)
References
(396)
Further Information
(396)
25. Electromagnetic Environment (EME)
(397)
25.1 Introduction
(397)
25.2 EME Energy Susceptibility
(398)
25.2.1 Soft Faults
(398)
25.2.2 MTBUR/MTBF
(399)
25.3 Civil Airworthiness Authority Concerns
(400)
25.3.1 EME Compliance Demonstration for Electrical/Electronic Systems
(401)
25.3.2 EME Energy Propagation
(402)
25.4 Architecture Options for Fault Mitigation
(407)
25.4.1 Electrical/Electronic System
(408)
25.4.2 Digital Computing Platform
(409)
Defining Terms
(410)
References
(411)
SECTION IV Software
(412)
26. Ada
(414)
26.1 Introduction
(414)
26.1.1 Software Engineering
(415)
26.1.2 Abstraction and Freedom
(415)
26.1.3 From Ada 83 to Ada 95
(417)
26.2 Key Concepts
(417)
26.2.1 Overall Structure
(418)
26.2.2 Errors and Exceptions
(422)
26.2.3 Scalar Type Model
(423)
26.2.4 Arrays and Records
(424)
26.2.5 Access Types
(427)
26.2.6 Error Detection
(427)
26.3 Abstraction
(429)
26.3.1 Objects and Inheritance
(431)
26.3.2 Classes and Polymorphism
(434)
26.3.3 Genericity
(438)
26.3.4 Object Oriented Terminology
(439)
26.3.5 Tasking
(440)
26.4 Programs and Libraries
(443)
26.4.1 Input-Output
(444)
26.4.2 Numeric Library
(446)
26.4.3 Running a Program
(447)
References
(450)
Further Information
(451)
27. RTCA DO-178B/EUROCAE ED-12B
(452)
27.1 Introduction
(452)
27.1.1 Comparison with Other Software Standards
(453)
27.1.2 Document Overview
(453)
27.1.3 Software as Part of the System
(455)
27.2 Software Life-Cycle Processes
(456)
27.2.1 Software Planning Process
(456)
27.2.2 Software Development Process
(457)
27.3 Integral Processes
(457)
27.3.1 Software Verification
(457)
27.3.2 Software Configuration Management
(459)
27.3.3 Software Quality Assurance
(459)
27.3.4 Certification Liaison Process
(459)
27.4 Additional Considerations
(460)
27.4.1 Previously Developed Software
(460)
27.4.2 Tool Qualification
(461)
27.5 Additional Guidance
(461)
27.6 Synopsis
(461)
References
(461)
Further Information
(462)
SECTION V Implementation
(463)
28. Fault-Tolerant Avionics
(465)
28.1 Introduction
(465)
28.1.1 Motivation
(466)
28.1.2 Definitional Framework
(467)
28.1.3 Dependability
(470)
28.1.4 Fault Tolerance Options
(471)
28.1.5 Flight Systems Evolution
(472)
28.1.6 Design Approach
(472)
28.2 System Level Fault Tolerance
(473)
28.2.1 General Mechanization
(473)
28.2.2 Redundancy Options
(474)
28.2.3 Architectural Categories
(475)
28.2.3.1 Fault Masking
(475)
28.2.3.2 Reconfiguration
(476)
28.2.3.3 Hybrid Fault Tolerance
(476)
28.2.3.4 Hybrid Fault Tolerance
(477)
28.2.4 Integrated Mission Avionics
(478)
28.2.5 System Self Tests
(478)
28.3 Hardware-Implemented Fault Tolerance (Fault-Tolerant Hardware Design Principles)
(479)
28.3.1 Voter Comparators
(479)
28.3.2 Watchdog Timers
(480)
28.4 Software-Implemented Fault Tolerance—State Consistency
(480)
28.4.1 Error Detection
(480)
28.4.1.1 Replication Checks
(481)
28.4.1.2 Timing Checks
(481)
28.4.1.3 Reversal Check (Analytical Redundancy)
(481)
28.4.1.4 Coding Checks
(482)
28.4.1.5 Reasonableness Checks
(482)
28.4.1.6 Structural Checks
(482)
28.4.1.7 Diagnostic Checks
(482)
28.4.2 Damage Confinement and Assessment
(482)
28.4.3 Error Recovery
(482)
28.4.4 Fault Treatment
(483)
28.4.5 Distributed Fault Tolerance
(483)
28.5 Software Fault Tolerance
(483)
28.5.1 Multiversion Software
(483)
28.5.2 Recovery Blocks
(484)
28.5.3 Trade-Offs
(484)
28.6 Summary
(485)
28.6.1 Design Analyses
(485)
28.6.2 Safety
(485)
28.6.3 Validation
(485)
28.6.4 Conclusion
(486)
References
(486)
Further Information
(487)
29. Boeing B-777
(488)
29.1 Introduction
(488)
29.2 Background
(488)
29.3 Boeing 777 Airplane Information Management System (AIMS)
(490)
29.4 Cabinet Architecture Overview
(490)
29.5 Backplane Bus
(493)
29.6 Maintenance
(493)
29.7 Growth
(494)
References
(494)
Further Information
(495)
30. New Avionics Systems —Airbus A330/A340
(496)
30.1 Overview
(496)
30.2 Highlights
(497)
30.3 Systems
(497)
30.4 Cockpit
(497)
30.5 User Involvement
(497)
30.6 Avionics
(498)
30.7 Instruments
(498)
30.8 Navigation
(498)
30.9 Flight Controls
(499)
30.10 Central Maintenance System
(499)
30.11 Communications
(499)
30.12 Flexibility and In-Service Updates
(500)
30.13 Development Environment
(501)
30.14 Support Environment
(501)
31. McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Avionics System
(502)
31.1 Introduction
(502)
31.2 Flight Controls (ATA 22-00 and 27-00)
(503)
31.3 Communications System (ATA 23-00)
(505)
31.4 Entertainment System (23-00)
(506)
31.5 Display System (ATA 31-00)
(507)
31.6 Recording Systems (ATA 31-00)
(508)
31.7 Navigation Systems (ATA 34-00)
(509)
31.8 Maintenance Systems (ATA 45-00)
(511)
31.9 Aircraft Systems
(512)
31.10 Interchangeability
(513)
31.11 CNS/ATM Architecture
(514)
31.12 Derivatives
(515)
32. Lockheed F-22 Raptor
(518)
32.1 F-22 Role and Mission
(518)
32.2 IAS Hierarchical Functional Design
(518)
32.3 Integrated Avionics Architecture
(520)
32.3.1 Common Integrated Processor (CIP)
(522)
32.3.1.1 CIP LRM Types
(522)
32.3.1.2 CIP Buses
(523)
32.3.1.3 CIP Software
(524)
32.3.1.4 CIP Signal Flow
(525)
32.3.2 APG-77 Radar
(525)
32.3.3 Communication, Navigation, Identification (CNI)
(525)
32.3.4 Electronic Warfare (EW)
(526)
32.3.5 Stores Management System (SMS)
(527)
32.3.6 Inertial Reference System (IRS)
(527)
32.3.7 Controls and Displays (C&DS)
(528)
32.4 Fault Tolerance and Recovery
(528)
32.5 Summary
(528)
33. Advanced Distributed Architectures
(529)
33.1 Drivers and Trends
(529)
33.1.1 Technology Advance
(529)
33.1.2 Increasing Functional Complexity
(531)
33.1.3 Hardware/Software Cost Ratio Continually Falling
(531)
33.1.4 Integration
(532)
33.1.5 Modularity
(532)
33.1.6 Business Pressures
(532)
33.2 Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA)
(533)
33.2.1 The Concept
(533)
33.2.2 Modular Architecture and Supplier Roles
(534)
33.2.3 Industry Standard Modules
(534)
33.2.4 Commercial Modules
(535)
33.2.5 Achieving the Wider Goals for IMA
(535)
33.2.6 Control of the Interfaces—Open Systems
(535)
33.2.6.1 Software Interface
(536)
33.2.6.2 Hardware Interface
(536)
33.3 Aircraft and Systems Architecture Issues
(536)
33.3.1 “Smart” Peripherals
(536)
33.3.2 High Speed Serial Data Buses
(537)
33.3.3 Procurement Boundaries
(539)
33.4 Conclusions
(540)
