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4172 مرتبه مشاهده شده
Introduction to physical polymer science
Sperling, L. H. (Leslie Howard),
- ISBN:047170606X
- Call Number : QD 381 .S635 2006
- Main Entry: Sperling, L. H. (Leslie Howard), 1932-
- Title:Introduction to physical polymer science / L.H. Sperling.
- Edition:4th ed.
- Publisher:Hoboken, N.J : Wiley, 2006.
- Physical Description:xxx, 845 p.: ill.; 24 cm
- Notes:"Also in electronic format is available."
- Notes:Includes index
- Subject:Polymers.
- Subject:Polymerization.
Introduction to physical polymer science محتواي کتاب
- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- CONTENTS
- Preface to the Fourth Edition xv
- Preface to the First Edition xvii
- Symbols and Definitions xix
- 1 Introduction to Polymer Science 1
- 2 Chain Structure and Configuration 29
- 3 Dilute Solution Thermodynamics, Molecular Weights, and Sizes 71
- 4 Concentrated Solutions, Phase Separation Behavior, and Diffusion 145
- 5 The Amorphous State 197
- 6 The Crystalline State 239
- 7 Polymers in the Liquid Crystalline State 325
- 8 Glass–Rubber Transition Behavior 349
- 9 Cross-linked Polymers and Rubber Elasticity 427
- 10 Polymer Viscoelasticity and Rheology 507
- 11 Mechanical Behavior of Polymers 557
- 12 Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces 613
- 13 Multicomponent Polymeric Materials 687
- 14 Modern Polymer Topics 757
- Index 827
- PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION
- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
- SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS
- 1 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER SCIENCE
- 1.1 FROM LITTLE MOLECULES TO BIG MOLECULES
- 1.2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS
- 1.3 MAJOR POLYMER TRANSITIONS
- 1.4 POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE
- 1.5 CROSS-LINKING, PLASTICIZERS, AND FILLERS
- 1.6 THE MACROMOLECULAR HYPOTHESIS
- 1.7 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL POLYMERS
- 1.8 MOLECULAR ENGINEERING
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- HANDBOOKS, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, AND DICTIONARIES
- WEB SITES
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 1.1 NAMES FOR POLYMERS
- 2 CHAIN STRUCTURE AND CONFIGURATION
- 2.1 EXAMPLES OF CONFIGURATIONS AND CONFORMATIONS
- 2.2 THEORY AND INSTRUMENTS
- 2.3 STEREOCHEMISTRY OF REPEATING UNITS
- 2.4 REPEATING UNIT ISOMERISM
- 2.5 COMMON TYPES OF COPOLYMERS
- 2.6 NMR IN MODERN RESEARCH
- 2.7 MULTICOMPONENT POLYMERS
- 2.8 CONFORMATIONAL STATES IN POLYMERS
- 2.9 ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS DURING MECHANICAL STRAIN
- 2.10 PHOTOPHYSICS OF POLYMERS
- 2.11 CONFIGURATION AND CONFORMATION
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 2.1 ASSORTED ISOMERIC AND COPOLYMER MACROMOLECULES
- 3 DILUTE SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS, MOLECULAR WEIGHTS, AND SIZES
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 THE SOLUBILITY PARAMETER
- 3.3 THERMODYNAMICS OF MIXING
- 3.4 MOLECULAR WEIGHT AVERAGES
- 3.5 DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER-AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- 3.6 WEIGHT-AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND RADII OF GYRATION
- 3.7 MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF POLYMERS
- 3.8 INTRINSIC VISCOSITY
- 3.9 GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY
- 3.10 MASS SPECTROMETRY
- 3.11 INSTRUMENTATION FOR MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION
- 3.12 SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR WEIGHTS
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 3.1 CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF LIGHT-SCATTERING LIGHTSCATTERING INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE CASE WHERE P(q) = 1
- 4 CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS, PHASE SEPARATION BEHAVIOR, AND DIFFUSION
- 4.1 PHASE SEPARATION AND FRACTIONATION
- 4.2 REGIONS OF THE POLYMER–SOLVENT PHASE DIAGRAM
- 4.3 POLYMER–POLYMER PHASE SEPARATION
- 4.3.1 Phase Diagrams
- 4.3.2 Thermodynamics of Phase Separation
- 4.3.3 An Example Calculation: Molecular Weight Miscibility Limit
- 4.3.4 Equation of State Theories
- 4.3.5 Kinetics of Phase Separation
- 4.3.6 Miscibility in Statistical Copolymer Blends
- 4.3.7 Polymer Blend Characterization
- 4.3.8 Graft Copolymers and IPNs
- 4.3.9 Block Copolymers
- 4.3.10 Example Calculations with Block Copolymers
- 4.3.11 Ionomers
- 4.4 DIFFUSION AND PERMEABILITY IN POLYMERS
- 4.4.1 Swelling Phenomena
- 4.4.2 Fick’s Laws
- 4.4.3 Permeability Units
- 4.4.4 Permeability Data
- 4.4.5 Effect of Permeant Size
- 4.4.6 Permselectivity of Polymeric Membranes and Separations
- 4.4.7 Gas Permeability in Polymer Blends
- 4.4.8 Fickian and Non-Fickian Diffusion
- 4.4.9 Controlled Drug Delivery via Diffusion
- 4.5 LATEXES AND SUSPENSIONS
- 4.6 MULTICOMPONENT AND MULTIPHASE MATERIALS
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 4.1 SCALING LAW THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS
- 5 THE AMORPHOUS STATE
- 5.1 THE AMORPHOUS POLYMER STATE
- 5.2 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE REGARDING AMORPHOUS POLYMERS
- 5.3 CONFORMATION OF THE POLYMER CHAIN
- 5.4 MACROMOLECULAR DYNAMICS
- 5.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 5.1 HISTORY OF THE RANDOM COIL MODEL FOR POLYMER CHAINS
- APPENDIX 5.2 CALCULATIONS USING THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
- APPENDIX 5.3 NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS IN POLYMER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
- 6 THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
- 6.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- 6.2 METHODS OF DETERMINING CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
- 6.3 THE UNIT CELL OF CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS
- 6.4 STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS
- 6.5 CRYSTALLIZATION FROM THE MELT
- 6.6 KINETICS OF CRYSTALLIZATION
- 6.7 THE REENTRY PROBLEM IN LAMELLAE
- 6.8 THERMODYNAMICS OF FUSION
- 6.9 EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ON THE MELTING TEMPERATURE
- 6.10 FIBER FORMATION AND STRUCTURE
- 6.11 THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS
- 6.12 HOW DO YOU KNOW IT’S A POLYMER?
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- 7 POLYMERS IN THE LIQUID CRYSTALLINE STATE
- 7.1 DEFINITION OF A LIQUID CRYSTAL
- 7.2 ROD-SHAPED CHEMICAL STRUCTURES
- 7.3 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE MESOPHASES
- 7.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL CLASSIFICATION
- 7.5 THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE DIAGRAMS
- 7.6 MESOPHASE IDENTIFICATION IN THERMOTROPIC POLYMERS
- 7.7 FIBER FORMATION
- 7.8 COMPARISON OF MAJOR POLYMER TYPES
- 7.9 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR LIQUID CRYSTAL FORMATION
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- 8 GLASS–RUBBER TRANSITION BEHAVIOR
- 8.1 SIMPLE MECHANICAL RELATIONSHIPS
- 8.2 FIVE REGIONS OF VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR
- 8.2.1 The Glassy Region
- 8.2.2 The Glass Transition Region
- 8.2.3 The Rubbery Plateau Region
- 8.2.4 The Rubbery Flow Region
- 8.2.5 The Liquid Flow Region
- 8.2.6 Effect of Plasticizers
- 8.2.7 Definitions of the Terms “Transition", “Relaxation", and “Dispersion”
- 8.2.8 Melt Viscosity Relationships near Tg
- 8.2.9 Dynamic Mechanical Behavior through the Five Regions
- 8.3 METHODS OF MEASURING TRANSITIONS IN POLYMERS
- 8.4 OTHER TRANSITIONS AND RELAXATIONS
- 8.5 TIME AND FREQUENCY EFFECTS ON RELAXATION PROCESSES
- 8.6 THEORIES OF THE GLASS TRANSITION
- 8.7 EFFECT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT ON Tg
- 8.8 EFFECT OF COPOLYMERIZATION ON Tg
- 8.9 EFFECT OF CRYSTALLINITY ON Tg
- 8.10 DEPENDENCE OF Tg ON CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
- 8.11 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON Tg
- 8.12 DAMPING AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
- 8.13 DEFINITIONS OF ELASTOMERS, PLASTICS, ADHESIVES, AND FIBERS
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 8.1 MOLECULAR MOTION NEAR THE GLASS TRANSITION
- 9 CROSS-LINKED POLYMERS AND RUBBER ELASTICITY
- 9.1 CROSS-LINKS AND NETWORKS
- 9.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RUBBER
- 9.3 RUBBER NETWORK STRUCTURE
- 9.4 RUBBER ELASTICITY CONCEPTS
- 9.5 THERMODYNAMIC EQUATION OF STATE
- 9.6 EQUATION OF STATE FOR GASES
- 9.7 STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF RUBBER ELASTICITY
- 9.8 THE “CARNOT CYCLE” FOR ELASTOMERS
- 9.9 CONTINUUM THEORIES OF RUBBER ELASTICITY
- 9.10 SOME REFINEMENTS TO RUBBER ELASTICITY
- 9.11 INTERNAL ENERGY EFFECTS
- 9.12 THE FLORY–REHNER EQUATION
- 9.13 GELATION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS
- 9.14 GELS AND GELATION
- 9.15 EFFECT OF STRAIN ON THE MELTING TEMPERATURE
- 9.16 ELASTOMERS IN CURRENT USE
- 9.17 SUMMARY OF RUBBER ELASTICITY BEHAVIOR
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 9.1 GELATIN AS A PHYSICALLY CROSS-LINKED ELASTOMER
- APPENDIX 9.2 ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF A RUBBER BAND†
- APPENDIX 9.3 DETERMINATION OF THE CROSS-LINK DENSITY OF RUBBER BY SWELLING TO EQUILIBRIUM
- 10 POLYMER VISCOELASTICITY AND RHEOLOGY
- 10.1 STRESS RELAXATION AND CREEP
- 10.2 RELAXATION AND RETARDATION TIMES
- 10.2.1 The Relaxation Time
- 10.2.2 Applications of Relaxation Times to Chemical Reactions
- 10.2.3 The Retardation Time
- 10.2.4 Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Springs and Dashpots
- 10.2.5 Molecular Relaxation Processes
- 10.2.6 Diffusion at Short Times
- 10.2.7 Relationships among Molecular Parameters
- 10.2.8 Physical Aging in the Glassy State
- 10.3 THE TIME–TEMPERATURE SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
- 10.4 POLYMER MELT VISCOSITY
- 10.5 POLYMER RHEOLOGY
- 10.6 OVERVIEW OF VISCOELASTICITY AND RHEOLOGY
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 10.1 ENERGY OF ACTIVATION FROM CHEMICAL STRESS RELAXATION TIMES
- APPENDIX 10.2 VISCOELASTICITY OF CHEESE
- 11 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS
- 11.1 AN ENERGY BALANCE FOR DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE
- 11.2 DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE IN POLYMERS
- 11.3 CRACK GROWTH
- 11.4 CYCLIC DEFORMATIONS
- 11.5 MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF FRACTURE AND HEALING IN POLYMERS
- 11.6 FRICTION AND WEAR IN POLYMERS
- 11.7 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL POLYMERS
- 11.8 SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- 12 POLYMER SURFACES AND INTERFACES
- 12.1 POLYMER SURFACES
- 12.2 THERMODYNAMICS OF SURFACES AND INTERFACES
- 12.3 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION
- 12.4 CONFORMATION OF POLYMER CHAINS IN A POLYMER BLEND INTERPHASE
- 12.5 THE DILUTE SOLUTION–SOLID INTERFACE
- 12.6 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR ANALYZING POLYMER SOLUTION INTERFACES
- 12.7 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF CHAINS AT WALLS
- 12.8 ADHESION AT INTERFACES
- 12.9 INTERFACES OF POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS WITH LIVING ORGANISMS
- 12.10 OVERVIEW OF POLYMER SURFACE AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- APPENDIX 12.1 ESTIMATION OF FRACTAL DIMENSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 13 MULTICOMPONENT POLYMERIC MATERIALS
- 13.1 CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES FOR MULTICOMPONENT POLYMERIC MATERIALS
- 13.2 MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE POLYMER PAIRS
- 13.3 THE GLASS TRANSITION BEHAVIOR OF MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER MATERIALS
- 13.4 THE MODULUS OF MULTICOMPONENT POLYMERIC MATERIALS
- 13.5 THE MORPHOLOGY OF MULTIPHASE POLYMERIC MATERIALS
- 13.6 PHASE DIAGRAMS IN POLYMER BLENDS (BROAD DEFINITION)
- 13.7 MORPHOLOGY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
- 13.8 NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED MATERIALS
- 13.9 MONTMORILLONITE CLAYS
- 13.9.1 Intercalation and Exfoliation
- 13.9.2 Polyamide-6–Clay Nanocomposites
- 13.9.3 Thermodynamics of Polymer-Clay Composites
- 13.9.4 Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites and Other Systems
- 13.9.5 Diffusion Barrier Enhancement with Exfoliated Clays
- 13.9.6 Mechanical Behavior of Montmorillonite Composites
- 13.9.7 Industrial Applications of Exfoliated Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
- 13.10 FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF MULTIPHASE POLYMERIC MATERIALS
- 13.11 PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER BLENDS AND COMPOSITES
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- 14 MODERN POLYMER TOPICS
- 14.1 POLYOLEFINS
- 14.2 THERMOSET POLYMER MATERIALS
- 14.3 POLYMER AND POLYMER BLEND ASPECTS OF BREAD DOUGHS
- 14.4 NATURAL PRODUCT POLYMERS
- 14.5 DENDRITIC POLYMERS AND OTHER NOVEL POLYMERIC STRUCTURES
- 14.6 POLYMERS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
- 14.7 ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS
- 14.8 POLYMERS FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS
- 14.9 LIGHT-EMITTING POLYMERS AND ELECTROACTIVE MATERIALS
- 14.10 OPTICAL TWEEZERS IN BIOPOLYMER RESEARCH
- 14.11 THE 3-D STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BIOPOLYMERS
- 14.12 FIRE RETARDANCY IN POLYMERS
- 14.13 POLYMER SOLUTION-INDUCED DRAG REDUCTION
- 14.14 MODERN ENGINEERING PLASTICS
- 14.15 MAJOR ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
- REFERENCES
- GENERAL READING
- STUDY PROBLEMS
- INDEX