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الگوریتم‌های ژنتیک با رویکرد بهینه‌یابی چندهدفه
دب، کالیانموی
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
الگوریتم‌های ژنتیک با رویکرد بهینه‌یابی چندهدفه
پدیدآور اصلی :
دب، کالیانموی
ناشر :
انتشارات پلک،
سال انتشار :
1387
موضوع ها :
به‌گزینی ریاضی. تصمیم‌گیری با معیارهای چندگانه. برنامه‌نویسی تکاملی (کامپیوتر)
شماره راهنما :
QA 402 .5 .D3219
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Half-title
(3)
Title
(5)
Copyright
(6)
Contents
(7)
Preface
(15)
1 Stress and Strain
(19)
Introduction
(19)
Stress
(20)
Sign Convention
(21)
Transformation of Axes
(22)
Principal Stresses
(24)
Mohr's Stress Circles
(24)
Strains
(27)
Small Strains
(29)
Transformation of Axes
(30)
Mohr's Strain Circles
(31)
Force and Moment Balances
(32)
Boundary Conditions
(34)
Note
(35)
Problems
(35)
2 Elasticity
(38)
Introduction
(38)
Isotropic Elasticity
(38)
Variation of Young's Modulus
(40)
Isotropic Thermal Expansion
(42)
Elastic Anisotropy
(43)
Orientation Dependence of Elastic Response
(45)
Orientation Dependence in Cubic Crystals
(46)
Orientation Dependence in Noncubic Crystals
(48)
Orientation Dependence in Materials Other Than Single Crystals
(49)
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion
(49)
REFERENCES
(50)
Notes
(50)
Problems
(51)
3 Mechanical Testing
(54)
Introduction
(54)
Tensile Specimens
(54)
Stress–Strain Curves
(55)
Ductility
(58)
True Stress and Strain
(59)
The Bridgman Correction
(61)
Temperature Rise
(61)
Sheet Anisotropy
(62)
Measurement of Force and Strain
(63)
Axial Alignment
(64)
Special Problems
(65)
Compression Test
(65)
Plane–Strain Compression
(68)
Plane–Strain Tension
(69)
Biaxial Tension (Hydraulic Bulge Test)
(69)
Torsion Test
(71)
Bend Tests
(72)
Hardness Tests
(74)
Mutual Indentation Hardness
(77)
REFERENCES
(78)
Notes
(78)
Problems
(79)
4 Strain Hardening of Metals
(83)
Introduction
(83)
Mathematical Approximations
(83)
Power Law Approximation
(85)
Necking
(86)
Work Per Volume
(88)
Localization of Strain at Defects
(88)
Notes
(89)
Problems
(90)
5 Plasticity Theory
(92)
Introduction
(92)
Yield Criteria
(92)
Tresca (maximum shear stress criterion)
(93)
Von Mises Criterion
(94)
Flow Rules
(96)
Principle of Normality
(97)
Effective Stress and Effective Strain
(98)
Other Isotropic Yield Criteria
(100)
Anisotropic Plasticity
(102)
Effect of Strain Hardening on the Yield Locus
(104)
REFERENCES
(105)
Notes
(105)
Problems
(106)
6 Strain Rate and Temperature Dependence of Flow Stress
(110)
Introduction
(110)
Strain Rate Dependence of Flow Stress
(110)
Superplasticity
(113)
Combined Strain and Strain Rate Effects
(117)
Strain Rate Sensitivity of bcc Metals
(118)
Temperature Dependence
(121)
Combined Temperature and Strain Rate Effects
(121)
Hot Working
(126)
REFERENCES
(127)
Notes
(127)
Problems
(128)
7 Slip and Crystallographic Textures
(131)
Introduction
(131)
Slip Systems
(131)
Schmid's Law
(131)
Strains Produced by Slip
(134)
Strain Hardening of fcc Single Crystals
(135)
Tensile Deformation of fcc Crystals
(136)
Slip in bcc Crystals
(138)
Slip in hcp Crystals
(139)
Lattice Rotation in Tension
(139)
Lattice Rotation in Compression
(141)
Texture Formation in Polycrystals
(142)
Approximate Calculations of R Values
(143)
Deformation of Polycrystals
(144)
Texture Strengthening
(145)
Effects of Texture on Microstructure
(146)
REFERENCES
(150)
Notes
(150)
Problems
(151)
8 Dislocation Geometry and Energy
(155)
Introduction
(155)
Theoretical Strength of Crystals
(155)
The Nature of Dislocations
(157)
Burgers Vectors
(159)
Energy of a Screw Dislocation
(160)
Reactions between Parallel Dislocations and Frank's Rule
(162)
Stress Fields around Dislocations
(162)
Forces on Dislocations
(164)
Partial Dislocations in fcc Crystals
(165)
Stacking Faults
(167)
REFERENCES
(170)
Notes
(170)
Problems
(171)
9 Dislocation Mechanics
(173)
Introduction
(173)
Frank-Read Sources
(173)
Dislocation Pile-Ups
(176)
Cross-Slip
(176)
Dislocation Intersections
(177)
Climb
(181)
REFERENCES
(181)
Note
(181)
Problems
(182)
10 Mechanical Twinning and Martenitic Shear
(184)
Introduction
(184)
Formal Notation
(185)
Twinning Shear
(185)
Twinning in fcc Metals
(187)
Twinning in bcc Metals
(187)
Twinning in hcp Metals
(189)
Shapes of Twins
(191)
Mechanism of Twinning
(193)
Martensite Transformation
(196)
Shape Memory and Superelasticity
(196)
REFERENCES
(199)
Note
(199)
Problems
(199)
11 Hardening Mechanisms in Metals
(202)
Introduction
(202)
Crystal Structure
(202)
Grain Size
(202)
Strain Hardening
(204)
Solid Solution Strengthening
(205)
Dispersion Strengthening
(206)
Yield Points and Strain Aging
(209)
Combined Effects
(210)
REFERENCES
(213)
Notes
(213)
Problems
(214)
12 Discontinuous and Inhomogeneous Deformation
(217)
Stick-Slip Phenomena
(217)
Dynamic Strain Aging
(218)
Other Causes of Serrated Stress–Strain Curves
(223)
Strain Localization
(223)
REFERENCE
(224)
Notes
(224)
Problems
(224)
13 Ductility and Fracture
(226)
Introduction
(226)
Ductile Fracture
(228)
Brittle Fracture
(234)
Impact Energy
(236)
REFERENCES
(239)
Notes
(239)
Problems
(241)
14 Fracture Mechanics
(243)
Introduction
(243)
Theoretical Fracture Strength
(243)
Stress Concentration
(245)
Griffith Theory
(245)
Orowan Theory
(247)
Fracture Modes
(247)
Irwin's Fracture Analysis
(247)
Plastic Zone Size
(249)
Thin Sheets
(251)
Temperature and Loading Rate
(252)
Metallurgical Variables
(253)
Fracture Mechanics in Design
(253)
Compact Tensile Specimens
(254)
Strain–Energy Release
(255)
The J Integral
(256)
REFERENCES
(258)
Notes
(258)
Problems
(259)
Appendix. Size and Shape of the Plastic Zone at the Crack Tip
(261)
15 Viscoelasticity
(262)
Introduction
(262)
Rheological Models
(262)
Series Combination of Spring and Dashpot
(263)
Parallel Combination of Spring and Dashpot
(264)
Combined Series Parallel Model
(264)
More Complex Models
(266)
Damping
(266)
Natural Decay
(267)
Elastic Modulus – Relaxed versus Unrelaxed
(268)
Thermoelastic Effect
(269)
Snoek Effect in bcc Metals
(271)
Other Damping Mechanisms
(272)
REFERENCES
(273)
Notes
(273)
Problems
(274)
16 Creep and Stress Rupture
(277)
Introduction
(277)
Creep Mechanisms
(278)
Temperature Dependence of Creep
(281)
Deformation Mechanism Maps
(282)
Cavitation
(283)
Rupture versus Creep
(284)
Extrapolation Schemes
(284)
Alloys for High-Temperature Use
(287)
REFERENCES
(289)
Notes
(289)
Problems
(290)
17 Fatigue
(293)
Introduction
(293)
Surface Observations
(293)
Nomenclature
(294)
S-N curves
(296)
Effect of Mean Stress
(297)
The Palmgren-Miner Rule
(299)
Stress Concentration
(300)
Surfaces
(302)
Design Estimates
(303)
Metallurgical Variables
(304)
Strains to Failure
(304)
Crack Propagation
(307)
Cyclic Stress–Strain Behavior
(310)
Temperature and Cycling Rate Effects
(310)
Fatigue of Polymers
(313)
Fatigue Testing
(315)
Design Considerations
(315)
Summary
(316)
REFERENCES
(316)
Notes
(316)
Problems
(317)
18 Residual Stresses
(320)
Introduction
(320)
Small-Scale Stresses
(320)
Bauschinger Effect
(323)
Nonuniform Cooling
(324)
Nonuniform Material
(325)
Stresses from Welding
(325)
Stresses from Mechanical Working
(326)
Consequences of Residual Stresses
(328)
Measurement of Residual Stresses
(329)
Relief of Residual Stresses
(331)
REFERENCES
(332)
Notes
(332)
Problems
(333)
19 Ceramics and Glasses
(336)
Introduction
(336)
Elastic Properties
(336)
Slip Systems
(337)
Hardness
(337)
Weibull Analysis
(339)
Testing
(340)
Porosity
(341)
High-Temperature Behavior
(342)
Fracture Toughness
(342)
Toughening of Ceramics
(344)
Fatigue
(347)
Silicate Glasses
(347)
Strength of Glasses
(350)
Thermally Induced Stresses
(351)
Delayed Fracture
(352)
Glassy Metals
(352)
REFERENCES
(354)
Notes
(354)
Problems
(355)
20 Polymers
(357)
Introduction
(357)
Elastic Behavior
(357)
Rubber Elasticity
(362)
Damping
(363)
Yielding
(365)
Effect of Strain Rate
(366)
Effect of Pressure
(368)
Crazing
(372)
Yielding of Fibers in Compression
(374)
Fracture
(374)
Deformation Mechanism Maps
(375)
Shape-Memory Effect
(375)
REFERENCES
(378)
Notes
(378)
Problems
(379)
21 Composites
(381)
Introduction
(381)
Fiber-Reinforced Composites
(381)
Elastic Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
(381)
Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
(385)
Volume Fraction of Fibers
(386)
Orientation Dependence of Strength
(387)
Fiber Length
(387)
Failure with Discontinuous Fibers
(390)
Failure under Compression
(391)
Typical Properties
(392)
Particulate Composites
(393)
Brick Wall Model
(394)
Lamellar Composites
(396)
Morphology of Foams
(397)
Mechanical Properties of Foams
(397)
Metal Foams
(397)
Flexible Foams – Open Cell
(399)
Flexible Foams – Closed Cell
(399)
REFERENCES
(399)
Notes
(400)
Problems
(400)
22 Mechanical Working
(403)
Introduction
(403)
Bulk-Forming Energy Balance
(403)
Deformation Zone Geometry
(407)
Friction in Bulk Forming
(410)
Formability
(411)
Deep Drawing
(412)
Stamping
(414)
REFERENCES
(419)
Notes
(419)
Problems
(420)
Appendix I: Miller Indices
(425)
Planes
(425)
Directions
(425)
The Miller-Bravais System for Hexagonal Crystals
(426)
Problem
(429)
Appendix II: Stereographic Representation of Orientations
(430)
REFERENCES
(432)
Problems
(432)
Index
(433)
