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فهرست نقدها
3058 مرتبه مشاهده شده
The basics of crystallography and diffraction
Hammond, C
- ISBN:9780198738671
- ISBN:0198738676
- ISBN:9780198738688
- ISBN:0198738684
- Call Number : QD 905 .2 .H355 2015
- Main Entry: Hammond, C (Christopher), 1942-
- Title:The basics of crystallography and diffraction [electronic resource] / Christopher Hammond, University of Leeds.
- Edition:4th ed.
- Publisher:Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Physical Description:xiv, 519 p.: ill. ; 24 cm
- Series:International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography; 21
- Notes:" International Union of Crystallography."
- Notes:Previous edition: 2009
- Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index
- Subject:Crystallography.
- Subject:X-ray crystallography.
The basics of crystallography and diffractionمحتواي کتاب
- Cover
- Preface to the First Edition (1997)
- Preface to the Fourth Edition (2015)
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- X-ray photograph of zinc blende (Friedrich, Knipping, and von Laue, 1912)
- X-ray photograph of deoxyribonucleic acid (Franklin and Gosling, 1952)
- 1 Crystals and crystal structures
- 1.1 The nature of the crystalline state
- 1.2 Constructing crystals from close-packed hexagonal layers of atoms
- 1.3 Unit cells of the hcp and ccp structures
- 1.4 Constructing crystals from square layers of atoms
- 1.5 Constructing body-centred cubic crystals
- 1.6 Interstitial structures
- 1.7 Some simple ionic and covalent structures
- 1.8 Representing crystals in projection: crystal plans
- 1.9 Stacking faults and twins
- 1.10 The crystal chemistry of inorganic compounds
- 1.11 Introduction to some more complex crystal structures
- Exercises
- 2 Two-dimensional patterns, lattices and symmetry
- 2.1 Approaches to the study of crystal structures
- 2.2 Two-dimensional patterns and lattices
- 2.3 Two-dimensional symmetry elements
- 2.4 The five plane lattices
- 2.5 The seventeen plane groups
- 2.6 One-dimensional symmetry: border or frieze patterns
- 2.7 Symmetry in art and design: counterchange patterns
- 2.8 Layer (two-sided) symmetry and examples in woven textiles
- 2.9 Non-periodic patterns and tilings
- Exercises
- 3 Bravais lattices and crystal systems
- 4 Crystal symmetry: point groups, space groups, symmetry-related properties and quasiperiodic crystals
- 4.1 Symmetry and crystal habit
- 4.2 The thirty-two crystal classes
- 4.3 Centres and inversion axes of symmetry
- 4.4 Crystal symmetry and properties
- 4.5 Translational symmetry elements
- 4.6 Space groups
- 4.7 Bravais lattices, space groups and crystal structures
- 4.8 The crystal structures and space groups of organic compounds
- 4.9 Quasicrystals (quasiperiodic crystals or crystalloids)
- Exercises
- 5 Describing lattice planes and directions in crystals: Miller indices and zone axis symbols
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Indexing lattice directions—zone axis symbols
- 5.3 Indexing lattice planes—Miller indices
- 5.4 Miller indices and zone axis symbols in cubic crystals
- 5.5 Lattice plane spacings, Miller indices and Laue indices
- 5.6 Zones, zone axes and the zone law, the addition rule
- 5.7 Indexing in the trigonal and hexagonal systems: Weber symbols and Miller-Bravais indices
- 5.8 Transforming Miller indices and zone axis symbols
- 5.9 Transformation matrices for trigonal crystals with rhombohedral lattices
- 5.10 A simple method for inverting a 3 × 3 matrix
- Exercises
- 6 The reciprocal lattice
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Reciprocal lattice vectors
- 6.3 Reciprocal lattice unit cells
- 6.4 Reciprocal lattice cells for cubic crystals
- 6.5 Proofs of some geometrical relationships using reciprocal lattice vectors
- 6.5.1 Relationships between a, b, c and a*, b*, c*
- 6.5.2 The addition rule
- 6.5.3 The Weiss zone law or zone equation
- 6.5.4 d-spacing of lattice planes (hkl)
- 6.5.5 Angle ρ between plane normals (h1k1l1) and (h2k2l2)
- 6.5.6 Definition of a*, b*, c* in terms of a, b, c
- 6.5.7 Zone axis at intersection of planes (h1k1l1) and (h2k2l2)
- 6.5.8 A plane containing two directions [u1v1w1] and [u2v2w2]
- 6.6 Lattice planes and reciprocal lattice planes
- 6.7 Summary
- Exercises
- 7 The diffraction of light
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Simple observations of the diffraction of light
- 7.3 The nature of light: coherence, scattering and interference
- 7.4 Analysis of the geometry of diffraction patterns from gratings and nets
- 7.5 The resolving power of optical instruments: the telescope, camera, microscope and the eye
- Exercises
- 8 X-ray diffraction: the contributions of Max von Laue, W. H. and W. L. Bragg and P. P. Ewald
- 9 The diffraction of X-rays
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 The intensities of X-ray diffracted beams: the structure factor equation and its applications
- 9.3 The broadening of diffracted beams: reciprocal lattice points and nodes
- 9.4 Fixed θ, varying λ X-ray techniques: the Laue method
- 9.5 Fixed λ, varying θ X-ray techniques: oscillation, rotation and precession methods
- 9.6 X-ray diffraction from single crystal thin films and multilayers
- 9.7 X-ray (and neutron) diffraction from ordered crystals
- 9.8 Practical considerations: X-ray sources and recording techniques
- Exercises
- 10 X-ray diffraction of polycrystalline materials
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 The geometrical basis of polycrystalline (powder) X-ray diffraction techniques
- 10.3 Some applications of X-ray diffraction techniques in polycrystalline materials
- 10.4 Preferred orientation (texture, fabric) and its measurement
- 10.5 X-ray diffraction of DNA: simulation by light diffraction
- 10.6 The Rietveld method for structure refinement
- Exercises
- 11 Electron diffraction and its applications
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 The Ewald reflecting sphere construction for electron diffraction
- 11.3 The analysis of electron diffraction patterns
- 11.4 Applications of electron diffraction
- 11.5 Kikuchi and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns
- 11.6 Image formation and resolution in the TEM
- Exercises
- 12 The stereographic projection and its uses
- 13 Fourier analysis in diffraction and image formation
- 14 The physical properties of crystals and their description by tensors
- Appendix 1 Computer programs, models and model-building in crystallography
- Appendix 2 Polyhedra in crystallography
- Appendix 3 Biographical notes on crystallographers and scientists mentioned in the text
- Appendix 4 Some useful crystallographic relationships
- Appendix 5 A simple introduction to vectors and complex numbers and their use in crystallography
- Appendix 6 Systematic absences (extinctions) in X-ray diffraction and double diffraction in electron diffraction patterns
- Appendix 7 Group theory in crystallography
- Answers to exercises
- Further Reading
- Index