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Computer modelling of electrical power systems
Arrillaga, J.
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Computer modelling of electrical power systems
Author :
Arrillaga, J.
Publisher :
John Wiley & Sons,
Pub. Year :
c2001
Subjects :
Electric power systems -- Mathematical models. Electric power systems -- Data processing....
Call Number :
TK 1005 .A76 2001
جستجو در محتوا
ترتيب
شماره صفحه
امتياز صفحه
فهرست مطالب
COMPUTER MODELLING OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
(1)
Front Matter
(1)
Preface
Table of Contents
Appendices
Index
72498_toc
(3)
72498_pref
(6)
Front Matter
Preface
(6)
Table of Contents
Appendices
Index
72498_01
(7)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
(7)
1.1 General Background
(7)
1.2 The New Computer Environment
(8)
1.3 Transmission System Developments
(9)
1.4 Theoretical Models and Computer Programs
(9)
Appendices
Index
72498_02
(10)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
2. Transmission Systems
(10)
2.1 Introduction
(10)
2.2 Linear Transformation Techniques
(10)
2.3 Basic Single-Phase Modelling
(12)
2.3.1 Transmission Lines
(12)
2.3.2 Transformer on Nominal Ratio
(13)
2.3.3 Off-Nominal Transformer Tap Representation
(13)
2.3.4 Phase-Shifting Representation
(15)
2.4 Three-Phase System Analysis
(16)
2.4.1 Discussion of the Frame of Reference
(16)
2.4.2 The Use of Compound Admittances
(18)
2.4.3 Rules for Forming the Admittance Matrix of Simple Networks
(22)
2.4.4 Network Subdivision
(23)
2.5 Three-Phase Models of Transmission Lines
(23)
2.5.1 Series Impedance
(23)
2.5.2 Shunt Admittance
(25)
2.5.3 Equivalent pi Model
(27)
2.5.4 Mutually Coupled Three-Phase Lines
(29)
2.5.5 Consideration of Terminal Connections
(31)
2.5.6 Shunt Elements
(32)
2.5.7 Series Elements
(33)
2.5.8 Line Sectionalization
(33)
2.5.8.1 Features of Interest
(35)
2.6 Evaluation of Overhead Line Parameters
(36)
2.6.1 Earth Impedance Matrix [Z_e]
(36)
2.6.2 Geometrical Impedance Matrix [Z_g] and Admittance Matrix [Y_g]
(38)
2.6.3 Conductor Impedance Matrix [Z_C]
(39)
2.6.4 Series Impedance Approximation for Electromagnetic Transients
(41)
2.7 Underground and Submarine Cables
(41)
2.8 Three-Phase Models of Transformers
(44)
2.8.1 Primitive Admittance Model of Three-Phase Transformers
(45)
2.8.2 Models for Common Transformer Connections
(47)
2.8.3 Three-Phase Transformer Models with Independent Phase Tap Control
(52)
2.8.4 Sequence Components Modelling of Three-Phase Transformers
(53)
2.8.4.1 Primary Side
(53)
2.8.4.2 Secondary Side
(53)
2.8.4.3 Mutual Terms
(54)
2.9 Formation of the System Admittance Matrix
(56)
2.10 References
(56)
Appendices
Index
72498_03
(58)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
3. FACTS and HVDC Transmission
(58)
3.1 Introduction
(58)
3.2 Flexible a.c. Transmission Systems
(58)
3.2.1 Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
(59)
3.2.2 Static On-Load Tap Changing
(61)
3.2.3 Static Phase Shifter
(63)
3.2.4 Static VAR Compensator
(64)
3.2.5 The Static Compensator (STATCOM)
(65)
3.2.6 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
(66)
3.3 High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
(67)
3.3.1 The a.c.-d.c. Converter
(67)
3.3.1.1 Rectification
(68)
3.3.1.2 Inversion
(72)
3.3.2 Commutation Reactance
(73)
3.3.3 d.c. Link Control
(74)
3.3.3.1 Alternative Forms of Control
(78)
3.3.4 Three-Phase Model
(79)
3.3.4.1 Terminology and Waveforms
(79)
3.3.4.2 Variables and Equations
(80)
3.4 References
(84)
Appendices
Index
72498_04
(86)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
4. Load Flow
(86)
4.1 Introduction
(86)
4.2 Basic Nodal Method
(87)
4.3 Conditioning of Y Matrix
(89)
4.4 The Case Where One Voltage is Known
(90)
4.5 Analytical Definition of the Problem
(91)
4.6 Newton-Raphson Method of Solving Load Flows
(92)
4.6.1 Equations Relating to Power System Load Flow
(94)
4.7 Techniques Which Make the Newton-Raphson Method Competitive in Load Flow
(99)
4.7.1 Sparsity Programming
(99)
4.7.2 Triangular Factorization
(100)
4.7.3 Optimal Ordering
(100)
4.7.4 Aids to Convergence
(101)
4.8 Characteristics of the Newton-Raphson Load Flow
(102)
4.9 Decoupled Newton Load Flow
(103)
4.10 Fast Decoupled Load Flow
(105)
4.11 Convergence Criteria and Tests
(109)
4.12 Numerical Example
(110)
4.13 Load Flow for Stability Assessment
(110)
4.13.1 Post-Disturbance Power Flows
(110)
4.13.2 Modelling Techniques
(115)
4.13.3 Sensitivity Analysis
(115)
4.14 Three-Phase Load Flow
(115)
4.14.1 Notation
(116)
4.14.2 Synchronous Machine Modelling
(116)
4.14.3 Specified Variables
(120)
4.14.4 Derivation of Equations
(120)
4.14.5 Decoupled Three-Phase Algorithm
(122)
4.14.5.1 Jacobian Approximations
(124)
4.14.5.2 Generator Models and the Fast Decoupled Algorithm
(128)
4.14.6 Structure of the Computer Program
(128)
4.14.6.1 Data Input
(128)
4.14.6.2 Factorization of Constant Jacobians
(128)
4.14.6.3 Starting Values
(129)
4.14.6.4 Iterative Solution
(132)
4.14.6.5 Output Results
(132)
4.15 References
(132)
Appendices
Index
72498_05
(134)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
5. Load Flow under Power Electronic Control
(134)
5.1 Introduction
(134)
5.2 Incorporation of FACTS Devices
(134)
5.2.1 Static Tap Changing
(135)
5.2.2 Phase-Shifting (PS)
(135)
5.2.3 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitance (TCSC)
(136)
5.2.4 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
(137)
5.3 Incorporation of HVDC Transmission
(140)
5.3.1 Converter Model
(142)
5.3.1.1 Converter Variables
(142)
5.3.1.2 d.c. per Unit System
(143)
5.3.1.3 Derivation of Equations
(144)
5.3.1.4 Incorporation of Control Equations
(146)
5.3.1.5 Inverter Operation
(146)
5.3.2 Solution Techniques
(147)
5.3.2.1 Unified Solution
(147)
5.3.2.2 Programming Considerations for the Unified Algorithms
(149)
5.3.2.3 Sequential Method
(152)
5.3.3 Control of Converter a.c. Terminal Voltage
(152)
5.3.4 Extension to Multiple and/or Multiterminal d.c. Systems
(154)
5.3.5 d.c. Convergence Tolerance
(156)
5.3.6 Test System and Results
(156)
5.3.6.1 Unified Cases
(156)
5.3.6.2 Sequential Cases
(158)
5.3.6.3 Initial Conditions for d.c. System
(158)
5.3.6.4 Effect of a.c. System Strength
(158)
5.3.6.5 Discussion of Convergence Properties
(160)
5.3.7 Numerical Example
(160)
5.4 References
(163)
Appendices
Index
72498_06a
(165)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
6. Electromagnetic Transients
(165)
6.1 Introduction
(165)
6.2 Background and Definitions
(166)
6.3 Numerical Integrator Substitution
(166)
6.3.1 Resistance
(167)
6.3.2 Inductance
(167)
6.3.3 Capacitance
(168)
6.4 Transmission Lines and Cables
(170)
6.4.1 Bergeron Line Model
(171)
6.4.2 Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines
(174)
6.4.3 Frequency-Dependent Model
(177)
6.4.3.1 Curve Fitting for Z_C and A(t)
(179)
6.4.3.2 Numerical Illustration
(180)
6.5 Formulation and Solution of the System Nodal Equations
(183)
6.5.1 Modification for Switching and Varying Parameters
(184)
6.5.2 Non-Linear or Time Varying Parameters
(185)
6.5.2.1 Current-Source Representation
(185)
6.5.2.2 Compensation Method
(185)
6.5.2.3 Piecewise Linear Representation
(187)
6.6 Use of Subsystems
(187)
6.7 Switching Discontinuities
(190)
6.7.1 Voltage and Current Chatter Due to Discontinuities
(192)
6.8 Root-Matching Technique
(194)
6.8.1 Exponential Form of Difference Equation
(194)
6.8.2 Root-Matching Implementation
(195)
6.8.3 Numerical Illustration
(195)
6.9 a.c./d.c. Converters
(196)
6.10 Synchronous Machine Model
6.11 Transformer Model
(4)
6.12 The PSCAD/EMTDC Program
(7)
6.12.1 Structure of the Program
(7)
6.12.2 PSCAD/EMTDC Version 3
(9)
6.12.3 PSCAD/EMTDC Test Cases
(12)
6.12.3.1 GTO Test System
(12)
6.12.3.2 Frequency-Dependent Transmission Line
(16)
6.12.3.3 Fast Transient Example
(16)
6.12.3.4 Statcom
(20)
6.12.3.5 Sub-Synchronous Resonance
(23)
6.13 Real Time Digital Simulation
(24)
6.14 State Variable Analysis
(26)
6.14.1 State Variable Formulation
(26)
6.14.2 Solution Procedure
(27)
6.14.3 Choice of State Variables
(29)
6.15 References
(30)
Appendices
Index
72498_06b
(199)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
6. Electromagnetic Transients
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background and Definitions
(1)
6.3 Numerical Integrator Substitution
(1)
6.3.1 Resistance
(2)
6.3.2 Inductance
(2)
6.3.3 Capacitance
(3)
6.4 Transmission Lines and Cables
(5)
6.4.1 Bergeron Line Model
(6)
6.4.2 Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines
(9)
6.4.3 Frequency-Dependent Model
(12)
6.4.3.1 Curve Fitting for Z_C and A(t)
(14)
6.4.3.2 Numerical Illustration
(15)
6.5 Formulation and Solution of the System Nodal Equations
(18)
6.5.1 Modification for Switching and Varying Parameters
(19)
6.5.2 Non-Linear or Time Varying Parameters
(20)
6.5.2.1 Current-Source Representation
(20)
6.5.2.2 Compensation Method
(20)
6.5.2.3 Piecewise Linear Representation
(22)
6.6 Use of Subsystems
(22)
6.7 Switching Discontinuities
(25)
6.7.1 Voltage and Current Chatter Due to Discontinuities
(27)
6.8 Root-Matching Technique
(29)
6.8.1 Exponential Form of Difference Equation
(29)
6.8.2 Root-Matching Implementation
(30)
6.8.3 Numerical Illustration
(30)
6.9 a.c./d.c. Converters
(31)
6.10 Synchronous Machine Model
(199)
6.11 Transformer Model
(203)
6.12 The PSCAD/EMTDC Program
(206)
6.12.1 Structure of the Program
(206)
6.12.2 PSCAD/EMTDC Version 3
(208)
6.12.3 PSCAD/EMTDC Test Cases
(211)
6.12.3.1 GTO Test System
(211)
6.12.3.2 Frequency-Dependent Transmission Line
(215)
6.12.3.3 Fast Transient Example
(215)
6.12.3.4 Statcom
(219)
6.12.3.5 Sub-Synchronous Resonance
(222)
6.13 Real Time Digital Simulation
(223)
6.14 State Variable Analysis
(225)
6.14.1 State Variable Formulation
(225)
6.14.2 Solution Procedure
(226)
6.14.3 Choice of State Variables
(228)
6.15 References
(229)
Appendices
Index
72498_07a
(232)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
7. System Stability
(232)
7.1 Introduction
(232)
7.1.1 The Form of the Equations
(233)
7.1.2 Frames of Reference
(234)
7.2 Synchronous Machines - Basic Models
(234)
7.2.1 Mechanical Equations
(234)
7.2.2 Electrical Equations
(235)
7.2.2.1 Steady State Equations
(236)
7.2.2.2 Transient Equations
(237)
7.2.2.3 Subtransient Equations
(238)
7.2.2.4 Machine Models
(239)
7.2.2.4.1 Model 1
(239)
7.2.2.4.2 Model 2
(239)
7.2.2.4.3 Model 3
(239)
7.2.2.4.4 Model 4
(239)
7.2.2.4.5 Model 5
(240)
7.2.2.4.6 Model 0
(240)
7.3 Synchronous Machine Automatic Controllers
(240)
7.3.1 Automatic Voltage Regulators
(240)
7.3.2 Speed Governors
(242)
7.3.3 Hydro and Thermal Turbines
(244)
7.3.4 Modelling Lead-Lag Circuits
(245)
7.4 Loads
(246)
7.4.1 Low-Voltage Problems
(247)
7.5 The Transmission Network
(248)
7.6 Overall System Representation
(248)
7.6.1 Mesh Matrix Method
(248)
7.6.2 Nodal Matrix Method
(249)
7.6.3 Synchronous Machine Representation in the Network
(249)
7.6.4 Load Representation in the Network
(252)
7.6.5 System Faults and Switching
(252)
7.6.5.1 Faults
(252)
7.6.5.2 Branch Switching
(253)
7.6.5.3 Machine Switching
(254)
7.7 Integration
(255)
7.7.1 Problems with the Trapezoidal Method
(258)
7.7.2 Programming the Trapezoidal Method
(259)
7.7.3 Application of the Trapezoidal Method
(261)
7.7.3.1 Synchronous Machine
(261)
7.7.3.2 Synchronous Machine Controller Limits
(262)
7.7.3.3 Solution for Saturating AVR Exciter
(264)
7.8 Structure of a Transient Stability Program
7.8.1 Overall Structure
7.8.2 Structure of Machine and Network Iterative Solution
(1)
7.9 Advanced Component Models
(5)
7.9.1 Synchronous Machine Saturation
(5)
7.9.1.1 Classical Saturation Model
(8)
7.9.1.2 Salient Machine Saturation
(10)
7.9.1.3 Simple Saturation Representation
(12)
7.9.1.4 Saturation Curve Representation
(12)
7.9.1.5 Potier Reactance
(13)
7.9.1.6 The Effect of Saturation on the Synchronous Machine Model
(13)
7.9.1.7 Representation of Saturated Synchronous Machines in the Network
(14)
7.9.1.8 Inclusion of Synchronous Machine Saturation in the Transient Stability Program
(15)
7.9.2 Detailed Turbine Model
(16)
7.9.3 Induction Machines
(21)
7.9.3.1 Mechanical Equations
(21)
7.9.3.2 Electrical Equations
(22)
7.9.3.3 Electrical Equations When the Slip is Large
(23)
7.9.3.3.1 Cage Factor
(23)
7.9.3.3.2 Double-Cage Rotor Model
(23)
7.9.3.4 Representation of Induction Machines in the Network
(25)
7.9.3.5 Inclusion of Induction Machine in the Transient Stability Program
(25)
7.9.4 Relays
(26)
7.9.4.1 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays
(26)
7.9.4.2 Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag Overcurrent Relays
(26)
7.9.4.3 Undervoltage Relays
(28)
7.9.4.4 Induction Machine Contactors
(28)
7.9.4.5 Directional Overcurrent Relay
(28)
7.9.4.6 Distance Relays
(28)
7.9.4.7 Incorporating Relays in the Transient Stability Program
(29)
7.9.5 Unbalanced Faults
(30)
7.9.5.1 Negative Sequence System
(30)
7.9.5.2 Zero Sequence System
(31)
7.9.5.3 Inclusion of Negative and Zero Sequence Systems for Unsymmetrical Faults
(31)
7.10 References
(32)
Appendices
Index
72498_07b
(266)
72498_08
(300)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
8. System Stability under Power Electronic Control
(300)
8.1 Introduction
(300)
8.2 Description of the Algorithm
(301)
8.2.1 Data Flow
(302)
8.2.2 Modifications Required to the Component Programs
(303)
8.3 TS/EMTDC Interface
(303)
8.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Components
(303)
8.3.2 Interface Variables Derivation
(307)
8.4 EMTDC to TS Data Transfer
(309)
8.5 Data Extraction from Distorted Waveforms
(313)
8.5.1 CFA Effectiveness
(316)
8.6 Interface Method
(316)
8.7 Interface Location
(318)
8.8 Structure of the Hybrid Program
(320)
8.9 Test System and Results
(325)
8.9.1 Response of the Individual Programs
(325)
8.9.2 TSE Hybrid Response
(326)
8.10 Quasi Steady-State Converter Simulation
(328)
8.10.1 Rectifier Loads
(328)
8.10.1.1 Static Loads
(329)
8.10.1.2 Dynamic Loads
(330)
8.10.1.3 Abnormal Modes of Converter Operation
(330)
8.10.2 d.c. Link
(333)
8.10.2.1 d.c. Power Modulation
(335)
8.10.3 Representation of Converters in the Network
(337)
8.10.3.1 Rectifiers
(337)
8.10.3.2 d.c. Links
(342)
8.10.4 Inclusion of Converters in the Transient Stability Program
(342)
8.11 Static VAR Compensation Systems
(342)
8.11.1 Representation of SVS in the Overall System
(345)
8.12 References
(346)
Appendices
Index
72498_apdx
(347)
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Appendices
(347)
Appendix I: Fault Level Derivation
(347)
I.1 Short Circuit Analysis
(347)
I.1.1 System Equations
(348)
I.1.2 Fault Calculations
(350)
Appendix II: Numerical Integration Methods
(352)
II.1 Introduction
(352)
II.2 Properties of the Integration Methods
(352)
II.2.1 Accuracy
(352)
II.2.2 Stability
(353)
II.2.3 Stiffness
(354)
II.3 Predictor-Corrector Methods
(355)
II.4 Runge-Kutta Methods
(357)
II.5 References
(358)
Appendix III: Test System Used in the Stability Examples
(359)
III.1 Reference
(362)
Index
72498_indx
(363)
