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Aircraft control and simulation : dynamics, controls design, and autonomous systems
Stevens, Brian L.,
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Aircraft control and simulation : dynamics, controls design, and autonomous systems
Author :
Stevens, Brian L.,
Publisher :
John Wiley & Sons,
Pub. Year :
2015
Subjects :
Airplanes -- Control systems.
Call Number :
TL 678 .S74 2015
جستجو در محتوا
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Cover
(1)
Title Page
(5)
Copyright
(6)
Contents
(9)
Preface
(13)
Chapter 1 The Kinematics and Dynamics of Aircraft Motion
(15)
1.1 Introduction
(15)
1.2 Vector Operations
(17)
Definitions and Notation
(17)
Vector Properties
(18)
Rotation of a Vector
(20)
1.3 Matrix Operations on Vector Coordinates
(21)
The Scalar Product
(21)
The Cross-Product Matrix
(22)
Coordinate Rotation, the DCM
(22)
Direction Cosine Matrix Properties
(24)
Euler Rotations
(25)
Rotations Describing Aircraft Attitude
(25)
Euler Angles from the DCM
(26)
Linear Transformations
(27)
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
(28)
Euler's Rotation Theorem
(29)
1.4 Rotational Kinematics
(30)
The Derivative of a Vector
(30)
Angular Velocity as a Vector
(31)
Vector Derivatives and Rotation
(31)
Euler Angle Kinematics
(33)
1.5 Translational Kinematics
(34)
Velocity and Acceleration in Moving Frames
(34)
Acceleration Relative to Earth
(36)
1.6 Geodesy, Coordinate Systems,~Gravity
(37)
Introduction
(37)
The Shape of the Earth, WGS-84
(37)
Frames, Earth-Centered Coordinates, Latitude and Longitude
(39)
Local Coordinate Systems
(41)
Radii of Curvature
(41)
Trigonometric Relationships for the Spheroid
(43)
Cartesian/Polar Coordinate Conversions
(43)
Earth-Related Coordinate Transformations
(45)
Gravitation and Gravity
(45)
Gravitation and Accelerometers
(47)
1.7 Rigid-Body Dynamics
(48)
Angular Motion
(49)
Translational Motion of the Center of Mass
(53)
1.8 Advanced Topics
(58)
Poisson's Kinematical Equations
(58)
The Equation of Coriolis
(59)
Quaternions
(59)
The Oblate Rotating-Earth 6-DoF Equations
(68)
References
(72)
Problems
(73)
Chapter 2 Modeling the Aircraft
(77)
2.1 Introduction
(77)
2.2 Basic Aerodynamics
(78)
Airfoil Section Aerodynamics
(78)
Finite Wings
(85)
Aircraft Configurations
(87)
2.3 Aircraft Forces And Moments
(89)
Definition of Axes and Angles
(89)
Definition of Forces and Moments
(91)
Force and Moment Coefficients
(93)
The Aerodynamic Derivatives
(94)
Aerodynamic Coefficient Measurement and Estimation
(96)
Component Buildup
(97)
Drag Coefficient, CD
(97)
Lift Coefficient, CL
(100)
Sideforce Coefficient, CY
(104)
Rolling Moment
(105)
Control Effects on Rolling Moment
(107)
Pitching Moment
(108)
Control Effects on Pitching Moment
(110)
Yawing Moment
(111)
Control Effects on Yawing Moment
(113)
Data Handling
(114)
2.4 Static Analysis
(115)
Static Equilibrium
(115)
Effect of the Horizontal Tail
(117)
Static Stability Analysis in Pitch
(118)
Neutral Point
(121)
2.5 The Nonlinear Aircraft Model
(122)
Model Equations
(123)
Decoupling of the Nonlinear Equations/3-DOF Longitudinal Model
(129)
2.6 Linear Models And The Stability Derivatives
(130)
Singular Points and Steady-State Flight
(131)
Linearization
(133)
The Decoupled Linear State Equations
(140)
The Dimensionless Stability and Control Derivatives
(142)
Description of the Longitudinal Dimensionless Derivatives
(145)
Description of the Lateral-Directional Dimensionless Derivatives
(150)
2.7 Summary
(151)
References
(152)
Problems
(153)
Chapter 3 Modeling, Design, and Simulation Tools
(156)
3.1 Introduction
(156)
3.2 State-Space Models
(158)
Models of Mechanical and Electrical Systems
(158)
Reduction of Differential Equations to State-Space Form
(161)
Time-Domain Solution of LTI State Equations
(164)
Modal Decomposition
(166)
Laplace Transform Solution of LTI State Equations
(167)
3.3 Transfer Function Models
(169)
Derivation of Transfer Functions; Poles and Zeros
(169)
Interpretation of the SISO Transfer Function
(171)
Transfer Function Examples and Standard Forms
(174)
Frequency Response
(177)
Time Response
(182)
3.4 Numerical Solution Of The State Equations
(184)
Introduction
(184)
Runge-Kutta Methods
(184)
Linear Multistep Methods
(187)
Stability, Accuracy, and Stiff Systems
(188)
Choice of Integration Algorithm
(188)
Time-History Simulation
(189)
3.5 Aircraft Models For Simulation
(193)
Simulation Issues
(193)
A Simple Longitudinal Model
(193)
A Six-Degree-of-Freedom Nonlinear Aircraft Model
(195)
3.6 Steady-State Flight
(199)
The Rate-of-Climb Constraint
(201)
The Turn Coordination Constraint
(201)
The Steady-State Trim Algorithm
(202)
Trimmed Conditions for Studying Aircraft Dynamics
(207)
Flight Simulation Examples
(209)
3.7 Numerical Linearization
(213)
Theory of Linearization
(213)
Algorithm and Examples
(214)
3.8 Aircraft Dynamic Behavior
(219)
Modal Decomposition Applied to Aircraft Dynamics
(219)
Interpretation of Aircraft Transfer Functions
(222)
3.9 Feedback Control
(227)
Introduction
(227)
Feedback Configurations and Closed-Loop Equations
(228)
Steady-State Error and System Type
(233)
Stability
(235)
Types of Compensation
(238)
SISO Root-Locus Design
(240)
Frequency-Domain Design
(247)
3.10 Summary
(255)
References
(255)
Problems
(257)
Chapter 4 Aircraft Dynamics and Classical Control Design
(264)
4.1 Introduction
(264)
Historical Perspective
(264)
The Need for Automatic Control Systems
(268)
The Functions of the Automatic Control Systems
(270)
4.2 Aircraft Rigid-Body Modes
(271)
Algebraic Derivation of Longitudinal Transfer Functions and Modes
(272)
The Short-Period Approximation
(273)
The Phugoid Approximation
(275)
Accuracy of the Short-Period and Phugoid Approximations
(277)
Pitch Stability
(279)
Algebraic Derivation of Lateral-Directional Transfer Functions
(280)
The Dutch Roll Approximation
(281)
The Spiral and Roll Subsidence Approximations
(283)
Spiral Stability
(284)
Accuracy of the Lateral-Mode Approximations
(285)
Mode Variation from the Nonlinear Model
(286)
4.3 The Handling-Qualities Requirements
(288)
Background
(288)
Pole-Zero Specifications
(290)
Frequency-Response Specifications
(292)
Time-Response Specifications
(293)
Requirements Based on Human Operator Models
(294)
Other Requirements
(296)
The Military Flying Qualities Specifications
(297)
4.4 Stability Augmentation
(301)
Pitch-Axis Stability Augmentation
(301)
Lateral-Directional Stability Augmentation/Yaw Damper
(308)
4.5 Control Augmentation Systems
(317)
Pitch-Rate Control Augmentation Systems
(318)
Normal Acceleration Control Augmentation Systems
(322)
Lateral-Directional Control Augmentation
(329)
4.6 Autopilots
(336)
Pitch-Attitude Hold
(336)
Altitude Hold/Mach Hold
(343)
Automatic Landing Systems
(347)
Roll-Angle-Hold Autopilots
(353)
Turn Coordination and Turn Compensation
(356)
Autopilot Navigational Modes
(357)
4.7 Nonlinear Simulation
(358)
Flare Control
(371)
4.8 Summary
(385)
References
(386)
Problems
(388)
Chapter 5 Modern Design Techniques
(391)
5.1 Introduction
(391)
Limitations of Classical Control
(392)
Philosophy of Modern Control
(392)
Fundamental Design Problems
(393)
5.2 Assignment Of Closed-Loop Dynamics
(395)
State Feedback and Output Feedback
(396)
Modal Decomposition
(398)
Eigenstructure Assignment by Full State Feedback
(401)
Eigenstructure Assignment by Output Feedback
(405)
5.3 Linear Quadratic Regulator With Output Feedback
(411)
Quadratic Performance Index
(412)
Solution of the LQR Problem
(413)
Determining the Optimal Feedback Gain
(416)
Selection of the PI Weighting Matrices
(419)
5.4 Tracking A Command
(427)
Tracker with Desired Structure
(429)
LQ Formulation of the Tracker Problem
(430)
Solution of the LQ Tracker Problem
(434)
Determining the Optimal Feedback Gain
(436)
5.5 Modifying The Performance Index
(442)
Constrained Feedback Matrix
(443)
Derivative Weighting
(444)
Time-Dependent Weighting
(445)
A Fundamental Design Property
(448)
5.6 Model-Following Design
(469)
Explicit Model-Following Control
(470)
Implicit Model-Following Control
(475)
5.7 Linear Quadratic Design With Full State Feedback
(484)
The Relevance of State Feedback
(485)
The Riccati Equation and Kalman Gain
(485)
Guaranteed Closed-Loop Stability
(487)
5.8 Dynamic Inversion Design
(491)
Dynamic Inversion for Linear Systems
(491)
Dynamic Inversion for Nonlinear Systems
(501)
5.9 Summary
(506)
References
(506)
Problems
(509)
Chapter 6 Robustness and Multivariable Frequency-Domain Techniques
(514)
6.1 Introduction
(514)
Modeling Errors and Stability Robustness
(514)
Disturbances and Performance Robustness
(514)
Classical Robust Design
(515)
Modern Robust Design
(515)
6.2 Multivariable Frequency-Domain Analysis
(516)
Sensitivity and Cosensitivity
(516)
Multivariable Bode Plot
(520)
Frequency-Domain Performance Specifications
(525)
Robustness Bounds for Plant Parameter Variations
(538)
6.3 Robust Output-Feedback Design
(539)
6.4 Observers And The Kalman Filter
(543)
Observer Design
(544)
The Kalman Filter
(551)
Dynamic Regulator Design Using the Separation Principle
(564)
6.5 Linear Quadratic Gaussian/Loop Transfer Recovery
(568)
Guaranteed Robustness of the LQR
(569)
Loop Transfer Recovery
(572)
6.6 Summary
(591)
References
(592)
Problems
(594)
Chapter 7 Digital Control
(598)
7.1 Introduction
(598)
7.2 Simulation Of Digital Controllers
(599)
7.3 Discretization Of Continuous Controllers
(602)
Bilinear Transformation
(602)
Matched Pole Zero
(605)
Digital Design Examples
(605)
7.4 Modified Continuous Design
(612)
Sampling, Hold Devices, and Computation Delays
(612)
Modified Continuous Design Procedures
(618)
7.5 Implementation Considerations
(625)
Actuator Saturation and Windup
(626)
Controller Realization Structures
(630)
7.6 Summary
(633)
References
(634)
Problems
(634)
Chapter 8 Modeling and Simulation of Miniature Aerial Vehicles
(637)
8.1 Introduction
(637)
Propellers vs. Rotors
(639)
8.2 Propeller/Rotor Forces And Moments
(644)
Thrust and Torque of a Propeller/Rotor
(645)
Computing Nonthrust Forces and Moments
(650)
8.3 Modeling Rotor Flapping
(654)
Tip Path Plane Equations of Motion
(654)
Flapping Dynamics with a Stabilizer Bar
(657)
Forces and Moments on the Aircraft from a Flapping Rotor
(658)
More Advanced Modeling of Rotors
(659)
8.4 Motor Modeling
(659)
Internal Combustion Engine Modeling
(660)
Electric Motor Modeling
(661)
8.5 Small Aerobatic Airplane Model
(662)
8.6 Quadrotor Model
(668)
8.7 Small Helicopter Model
(669)
8.8 Summary
(674)
References
(675)
Problems
(675)
Chapter 9 Adaptive Control With Application to Miniature Aerial Vehicles
(678)
9.1 Introduction
(678)
9.2 Model Reference Adaptive Control Based On Dynamic Inversion
(679)
9.3 Neural Network Adaptive Control
(682)
Universal Approximation Theorem
(683)
9.4 Limited Authority Adaptive Control
(687)
Pseudocontrol Hedging
(688)
Adaptive Control for Cascaded Systems
(691)
9.5 Neural Network Adaptive Control Example
(693)
Description of an Adaptive Guidance, Navigation, and Control System for Miniature Aircraft
(694)
Simulation Results
(703)
Flight Test Results
(713)
9.6 Summary
(723)
References
(723)
Problems
(724)
Appendix A F-16 Model
(728)
Appendix B Software
(737)
Index
(747)
EULA
(764)
