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Designing unmanned aircraft systems : a comprehensive approach
Gundlach, Jay.
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Designing unmanned aircraft systems : a comprehensive approach
Author :
Gundlach, Jay.
Publisher :
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.,
Pub. Year :
2013
Subjects :
Drone aircraft. Micro air vehicles Control systems.
Call Number :
UG 1242 .D7 .G95 2012
جستجو در محتوا
ترتيب
شماره صفحه
امتياز صفحه
فهرست مطالب
Front Matter
(1)
Nomenclature
(2)
Acronyms
(22)
Preface
(23)
Table of Contents
(27)
1. Overview of Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(35)
1.1 Introduction
(36)
1.2 Defining an Unmanned Aircraft
(36)
1.3 Motivation for Employment of Unmanned Aircraft
(37)
1.4 Distinction between Manned and Unmanned Aircraft
(39)
1.5 Moral, Ethical, and Legal Issues for UASs
(45)
1.6 Brief History of Unmanned Aircraft
(46)
1.6.1 Early Years 1896-1939
(46)
1.6.2 World War II 1939-1945
(47)
1.6.3 Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Early Cold War 1945-1972
(48)
1.6.4 U.S. Hiatus, Israel Carries the Torch 1972-1988
(49)
1.6.5 Modern UAS Ascendancy 1988-2000
(50)
1.6.6 UAS Golden Era 2001 - Present
(52)
1.6.7 The Future
(54)
1.7 Introduction to System Elements and Architectures
(55)
References
(56)
Problems
(57)
2. Unmanned Aircraft Categories
(58)
2.1 Introduction
(59)
2.2 Micro Air Vehicles
(59)
2.2.1 Aircraft Profile: AeroVironment Wasp III
(60)
2.3 Small Unmanned Aircraft
(62)
2.4 Small Tactical Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(64)
2.5 Tactical Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(65)
2.6 Medium-Altitude Long Endurance
(67)
2.7 High-Altitude Long Endurance
(69)
2.8 Ultra Long Endurance
(71)
2.9 Uninhabited Combat Aerial Vehicles
(71)
2.10 Manned Aircraft Conversions
(73)
2.10.1 Aircraft Profile: Aurora Flight Sciences Centaur
(77)
2.11 Air-Launched Unmanned Aircraft
(78)
2.11.1 Aircraft Profile: L-3 Cutlass
(78)
2.12 Targets
(78)
2.12.1 Aircraft Profile: CEi BQM-167
(80)
2.13 Rotorcraft
(80)
2.14 Other Vertical Takeoff and Landing
(81)
2.15 Solar-Powered Aircraft
(83)
2.16 Planetary Aircraft
(85)
2.17 Lighter Than Air
(86)
2.18 Research Unmanned Aircraft
(87)
References
(88)
Problems
(89)
3. Initial Unmanned-Aircraft Sizing
(90)
3.1 Introduction
(91)
3.2 Simple Weight Relationships
(91)
3.3 Flight Performance
(101)
3.3.1 Reciprocating Engines and Turboprop Propulsion
(102)
3.3.2 Jet Propulsion
(104)
3.3.3 Battery-Powered Electric Propulsion
(104)
3.4 Simple Aerodynamics Methods
(107)
3.5 Initial UA Sizing Process
(111)
3.6 Examples
(112)
References
(116)
Problems
(116)
4. Unmanned-Aircraft Geometry and Configurations
(118)
4.1 Introduction
(119)
4.2 Aircraft Geometry Relationships
(119)
4.2.1 Coordinate Systems
(119)
4.2.2 Wing Planform Geometry
(121)
4.2.3 Tail Parametric Sizing
(128)
4.2.4 Airfoil Geometry
(129)
4.2.5 Fuselage Geometry
(131)
4.3 Configuration Drivers
(135)
4.4 Wing System Configurations
(138)
4.4.1 Conventional Configuration
(142)
4.4.2 Canards
(146)
4.4.3 Tandem Wing
(150)
4.4.4 Three-Surface Configuration
(151)
4.4.5 Flying Wings
(153)
4.4.6 Other Wing System Configurations
(157)
4.5 Tail Configurations
(161)
4.6 Fuselage System Configurations
(164)
4.7 Propulsion Integration
(164)
4.7.1 Jet Engines
(164)
4.7.2 Reciprocating-Props and Turboprops
(167)
4.7.3 Electric-Props
(171)
4.8 Launch and Recovery System Integration
(171)
4.8.1 Conventional Landing Gear
(171)
4.8.2 Rail Launchers
(173)
4.9 Survivability Impacts on Configuration
(175)
4.10 Transportability and Storage Impacts on Configuration
(176)
4.11 In-Flight Reconfiguration
(177)
4.12 Modularity and Airframe Growth
(180)
4.13 Manufacturing Configuration Drivers
(180)
4.14 Rotorcraft Configurations
(181)
References
(181)
Problems
(182)
5. Aerodynamics
(184)
5.1 Introduction
(185)
5.2 Flight Regime
(185)
5.3 Boundary Layers
(187)
5.4 Coordinate Systems and Aerodynamic Coefficients
(190)
5.5 Airfoils
(192)
5.6 Three-Dimensional Lift Distribution Methods
(194)
5.6.1 Prandtl Lifting-Line Theory
(195)
5.6.2 Vortex Lattice Methods
(199)
5.6.3 Other Three-Dimensional Aerodynamic Methods
(202)
5.6.3.1 Trefftz Plane Analysis
(202)
5.6.3.2 Panel Methods
(202)
5.6.3.3 CFD
(203)
5.7 Pitching Moment
(204)
5.8 Drag
(206)
5.8.1 Friction and Parasite Drag
(206)
5.8.2 Induced Drag
(211)
5.8.3 Trim Drag
(212)
5.8.4 Interference Drag
(212)
5.8.5 Wave Drag
(213)
5.8.6 Cooling Drag
(214)
5.8.7 Landing-Gear Drag
(215)
5.9 Miscellaneous Drag
(216)
References
(216)
Problems
(217)
6. Mass Properties
(219)
6.1 Introduction
(220)
6.2 Mass Properties throughout the Aircraft Life Cycle
(220)
6.2.1 Conceptual Design Weights Methods
(222)
6.2.2 Developing New Weight Estimating Relationships
(224)
6.2.2.1 Weight Convergence
(228)
6.2.2.2 Weight Algorithm Approaches
(231)
6.2.3 Preliminary and Detail Design Mass Properties Methods
(232)
6.2.3.1 Center-of-Gravity Estimation
(233)
6.2.3.2 Mass Moments of Inertia Estimation
(235)
6.3 Conceptual Design Weight Estimation Methods
(236)
6.3.1 Structural Weight Estimation
(236)
6.3.1.1 Wing Weight Estimation
(237)
6.3.1.2 Empennage
(238)
6.3.1.3 Fuselage Weight Estimation
(239)
6.3.1.4 Nacelles
(241)
6.3.1.5 Landing-Gear Weight Estimation
(242)
6.3.2 Propulsion System Weight Estimation
(243)
6.3.2.1 Engine Weight
(243)
6.3.2.2 Air Induction
(244)
6.3.2.3 Propellers
(245)
6.3.2.4 Fuel System
(245)
6.3.2.5 Propulsion System
(246)
6.3.3 Fixed Equipment Weight Estimation
(246)
6.3.3.1 Avionics, Instrumentation and Communications System
(247)
6.3.3.2 Flight Control System
(252)
6.3.3.3 Hydraulic and Pneumatic System
(253)
6.3.3.4 Electrical System
(253)
6.3.3.5 Environmental Control System
(253)
6.3.3.6 Auxiliary Power Unit
(254)
6.3.3.7 Furnishings
(254)
6.3.3.8 Baggage and Cargo Handling Equipment
(254)
6.3.3.9 Operational Items
(255)
6.3.3.10 Armament
(255)
6.3.3.11 Guns, Launchers, and Weapons Provisions
(255)
6.3.3.12 Flight-Test Instrumentation
(255)
6.3.3.13 Auxiliary Gear
(256)
6.3.3.14 Ballast
(256)
6.3.3.15 Paint
(256)
6.3.4 Payload Weight Estimation
(257)
6.3.5 Fuel Weight Estimation
(257)
6.3.6 Trapped Fuel and Oil Weight Estimation
(258)
6.3.7 Crew Weight Estimation
(258)
6.4 Weight Management
(258)
6.5 Weight Engineering of other System Elements
(262)
References
(263)
Problems
(263)
7. Structures
(265)
7.1 Introduction
(266)
7.2 Structural Concepts
(266)
7.2.1 Structural Coordinates
(266)
7.2.2 Moments of Inertia
(266)
7.2.3 Tension and Compression
(267)
7.2.4 Shear
(268)
7.2.5 Torsion
(270)
7.2.6 Bending
(272)
7.2.7 Beams with Shear and Bending Loads
(273)
7.2.8 Pressure Vessels
(273)
7.3 Materials
(276)
7.3.1 Metal
(276)
7.3.2 Wood
(277)
7.3.3 Composites
(278)
7.3.4 Ceramics
(281)
7.3.5 Rapid Prototyping Materials
(281)
7.4 Unmanned Aircraft Loads
(282)
7.5 Shell Structure Analysis
(283)
7.5.1 Skin-Panel Method
(283)
7.5.2 Boom-and-Web Method
(288)
7.5.3 Finite Element Modeling
(295)
7.6 Wing Sizing
(295)
7.6.1 Wing Structural Geometry Definition
(295)
7.6.2 Wing Loads
(296)
7.6.3 Wing Primary Structure Sizing
(302)
7.6.4 Wing Secondary Structure Sizing
(307)
7.6.5 Aeroelasticity
(308)
7.7 Fuselage Analysis and Sizing
(308)
7.7.1 Fuselage Loads
(308)
7.7.2 Fuselage Primary Structural Sizing
(310)
7.7.3 Fuselage Secondary Structures
(313)
7.8 Structures Manufacturing
(314)
7.8.1 Composites Manufacturing
(314)
7.8.2 Student Projects and Simple Prototype Methods
(315)
7.8.2.1 Wood
(315)
7.8.2.2 Composites
(316)
References
(317)
Problems
(318)
8. Propulsion Systems
(320)
8.1 Introduction
(321)
8.2 Propellers
(321)
8.3 Reciprocating Engines
(327)
8.3.1 Fuel Types
(331)
8.3.2 Engine Configurations
(331)
8.3.3 Four-Stroke Reciprocating Engines
(332)
8.3.4 Two-Stroke Reciprocating Engines
(334)
8.3.5 Turbochargers
(335)
8.3.6 Reciprocating Engine Performance Analysis
(335)
8.4 Turbofans and Turbojets
(337)
8.5 Turboshafts and Turboprops
(345)
8.6 Electric Motors
(348)
8.7 Batteries
(353)
8.8 Fuel Cells
(357)
8.8.1 Hydrogen Storage
(359)
8.8.2 Pressurized Gaseous Hydrogen
(360)
8.8.3 Liquid Hydrogen
(362)
8.8.4 Chemical Hydrogen Storage
(363)
8.9 Solar Power
(364)
8.9.1 Solar Collector Integration
(364)
8.9.2 Solar Model
(366)
8.9.3 Solar Power System Analysis
(367)
8.9.4 Solar-Cell Technology
(370)
8.10 Hybrid Electric
(371)
8.11 Pulsejets
(372)
8.12 Rockets
(373)
8.13 Gliders
(374)
8.14 High-Altitude Propulsion
(376)
8.15 Miscellaneous Propulsion Types
(378)
8.15.1 Ornithopters
(378)
8.15.2 Nuclear Propulsion
(379)
8.15.3 Flywheel Energy Storage
(380)
8.15.4 Rubber Bands
(380)
8.15.5 Microwave Power
(380)
References
(381)
Problems
(381)
9. Flight Performance
(384)
9.1 Introduction
(385)
9.2 Operating Environment
(385)
9.3 Mission Profiles
(387)
9.4 Constraint Analysis
(389)
9.5 Flight Performance Analysis
(392)
9.5.1 Mission Profile Analysis
(395)
9.5.1.1 Velocity Optimization
(396)
9.5.1.2 Climb Performance
(398)
9.5.1.3 Mission Profile Analysis
(400)
9.5.2 Conventional Takeoff and Landing
(404)
9.5.2.1 Takeoff
(405)
9.5.2.2 Landing
(408)
Reference
(409)
Problems
(409)
10. Avionics, Flight Software, and Subsystems
(411)
10.1 Introduction
(412)
10.2 Avionics
(412)
10.2.1 Avionics Design
(413)
10.2.1.1 Physical Environment
(413)
10.2.1.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Interference
(414)
10.2.2 Avionics Components
(415)
10.2.2.1 Navigation Sensors
(416)
10.2.2.2 Landing Aids
(424)
10.2.2.3 Air Data Systems
(425)
10.2.2.4 Autopilots and Flight Control Algorithms
(426)
10.2.2.5 UA Management Systems
(431)
10.2.2.6 Mission Management Systems
(431)
10.2.2.7 Engine Controllers
(431)
10.2.2.8 Computers and Processors
(432)
10.2.2.9 Remote Interface Units
(432)
10.2.2.10 Data Bus
(432)
10.2.2.11 Wiring Harnesses
(433)
10.2.2.12 Airspace Integration Systems
(433)
10.2.2.13 Flight-Test Equipment
(435)
10.2.3 Avionics Architectures
(435)
10.3 Flight Software
(436)
10.4 Subsystems
(438)
10.4.1 Electrical Power System
(438)
10.4.2 Environmental Control System
(441)
10.4.3 Fuel System
(442)
10.4.4 Flight Control System
(443)
10.4.5 Pneumatic and Hydraulic System
(445)
10.4.6 Anti-Ice System
(446)
10.4.7 Landing-Gear System
(446)
References
(447)
Problems
(447)
11. Launch and Recovery
(449)
11.1 Introduction
(450)
11.2 Physics of UA Launch and Recovery
(450)
11.2.1 Coordinate Systems and Conventions
(450)
11.2.2 Launch
(453)
11.2.3 Recovery
(455)
11.3 Conventional Launch and Recovery
(458)
11.4 Vertical Takeoff and Landing
(460)
11.5 Rail Launchers
(463)
11.6 Rocket Launch
(467)
11.7 Air Launch
(469)
11.8 Hand Launch
(471)
11.9 Tensioned Line Launch
(473)
11.10 Gun Launch
(478)
11.11 Ground-Vehicle Launch
(478)
11.12 Skid and Belly Recovery
(479)
11.13 Net Recovery
(480)
11.14 Cable-Assisted Recovery
(482)
11.14.1 Arresting Cables on Rigid Horizontal Platforms
(483)
11.14.2 Suspended Cables
(485)
11.15 Parachutes
(486)
11.16 Deep Stall
(488)
11.17 UA Impact Attenuation
(489)
11.18 Nonrecoverable
(491)
11.19 Water Launch and Recovery
(492)
11.20 Other Launch and Recovery Techniques
(494)
11.20.1 Air Tow
(494)
11.20.2 Tow Line Launch
(494)
11.20.3 Moving Ground Vehicle Launch
(494)
11.20.4 Partially Recoverable
(495)
11.20.5 Dynamic Stall
(495)
11.20.6 Airship Launch and Recovery
(495)
11.20.7 Special Considerations for Ship Recovery
(495)
References
(497)
Problems
(497)
12. Communication Systems
(501)
12.1 Introduction
(502)
12.2 Radio-Frequency Physics
(502)
12.3 Elements of Communication Systems
(504)
12.4 Link Budget Analysis
(505)
12.4.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(506)
12.4.2 Decibel Mathematics
(507)
12.4.3 Decibel Form of Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(509)
12.4.4 Link Budget Tables and Communications Properties
(510)
12.4.5 Methods for Determining Parameters
(513)
12.4.5.1 Transmit Power P_T
(513)
12.4.5.2 Component Line Losses L_T and L_R
(514)
12.4.5.3 Antenna Gain G_T and G_R
(514)
12.4.5.4 Pointing Losses L_T,_Point and L_R,_Point
(514)
12.4.5.5 Radome Losses L_T,_Radome and L_R,_Radome
(515)
12.4.5.6 Atmospheric Absorption L_P,_Atm
(515)
12.4.5.7 Precipitation Absorption L_P,_Precip
(516)
12.4.5.8 Receiver Polarization Loss L_R,_Polar
(517)
12.4.5.9 Receiver Spreading Implementation Loss L_R,_Spread
(518)
12.4.5.10 Thermal Noise Density kT
(518)
12.4.5.11 Receiver Noise Bandwidth BW
(518)
12.4.5.12 Receiver Noise Figure
(519)
12.4.5.13 Required SNR
(519)
12.5 Antennas
(520)
12.6 Antenna Integration
(524)
12.7 Communication System Types
(529)
12.7.1 Command and Control
(529)
12.7.2 Payload Link
(530)
12.7.3 Air-to-Air Communications
(531)
12.7.4 Voice Relay
(532)
12.7.5 Transponders
(533)
12.8 Modulation Techniques
(533)
12.9 Interception, Detection, and Jamming
(534)
12.10 RF Performance Simulation
(535)
12.11 Line-of-Sight Communications
(536)
12.12 Beyond Line-of-Sight Communications
(537)
12.13 Frequency Management
(542)
References
(544)
Problems
(544)
13. Physics of Remote Sensing and in situ Measurement
(546)
13.1 Introduction
(547)
13.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Characteristics
(547)
13.2.1 Visible Band 0.4-0.7 mu m
(548)
13.2.2 Near Infrared NIR 0.7-1 mu m
(548)
13.2.3 Short-Wave Infrared SWIR 1-3 mu m
(549)
13.2.4 Midwave Infrared MWIR 3-6 mu m
(549)
13.2.5 Long-Wave Infrared LWIR 6-14 mu m
(549)
13.2.6 Radar Imagery Bands
(549)
13.3 Aerial Remote Sensing
(550)
13.4 Optical Systems
(552)
13.4.1 Optical System Physics
(552)
13.4.2 Scene Illumination
(557)
13.4.3 Image Quality Metrics
(560)
13.4.3.1 Johnson Criteria
(560)
13.4.3.2 NIIRS Rating
(562)
13.4.4 Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imagery
(567)
13.5 Radar
(570)
13.6 Synthetic Aperture Radar
(572)
13.7 Light Detection and Ranging LiDAR
(580)
13.8 In situ Measurements
(581)
References
(581)
Problems
(582)
14. Missions and Payloads
(584)
14.1 Introduction
(585)
14.2 Military Missions
(586)
14.2.1 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
(586)
14.2.1.1 Surveillance
(586)
14.2.1.2 Reconnaissance and Mapping
(590)
14.2.2 Lethal Weapons
(595)
14.2.3 Nonlethal Weapons
(600)
14.2.4 Communications Relay
(600)
14.2.5 Electronic Warfare
(601)
14.2.6 Signals Intelligence
(604)
14.2.7 Psychological Operations
(606)
14.2.8 Aerial Targets
(606)
14.2.9 Maritime Surface Warfare
(609)
14.2.10 Antisubmarine Warfare ASW
(611)
14.2.11 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Detection/Sampling
(612)
14.2.12 Cargo Delivery
(613)
14.2.13 System Emplacement
(616)
14.2.14 Counterimprovised Explosive Devices C-IED, Unexploded Ordinance UXO Detection, and Landmine Detection
(616)
14.2.15 Other Military Missions
(618)
14.3 Science and Research Missions
(619)
14.3.1 Earth Science Missions
(619)
14.3.2 Species Monitoring
(622)
14.3.3 Flight Research UA
(622)
14.3.4 Other Scientific and Research Missions
(623)
14.4 Commercial and Civil Missions
(624)
14.4.1 Aerial Mapping and Surveys
(624)
14.4.2 Agricultural
(624)
14.4.3 Telecommunications
(625)
14.4.4 Forest Fire Monitoring, Coordination, and Communications
(626)
14.4.5 Law Enforcement
(626)
14.4.6 Emergency Support
(628)
14.4.7 Fishing Support
(628)
14.4.8 Other Commercial and Civil Missions
(629)
References
(629)
Problems
(630)
15. Mission Systems Integration
(631)
15.1 Introduction
(632)
15.2 Optical Payload Assembly Layout, Actuation, and Stabilization
(632)
15.3 Sizing for Performance
(636)
15.4 Field-of-Regard Requirements
(638)
15.5 Payload Placement and UA Configuration for Field of Regard
(646)
15.6 RF Payload Integration
(648)
15.7 Airframe Mechanical Integration
(648)
15.8 Imagery Products
(653)
15.8.1 Imagery Chain
(653)
15.8.2 Video and Still Imagery
(655)
15.8.3 Metadata Insertion
(656)
15.9 Software Integration
(657)
15.10 Avionics and Power Interfaces
(658)
15.11 Payload Data Management
(659)
15.12 Ground Element Integration
(661)
15.13 Payload Interface Control
(661)
15.14 Payload Modularity
(663)
References
(663)
Problems
(664)
16. Command, Control, Tasking, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination
(666)
16.1 Introduction
(667)
16.2 Control Element Functions and Personnel Roles
(667)
16.3 Mission Planning and Execution
(668)
16.3.1 Mission Planning
(668)
16.3.2 Geospatial Information Systems
(673)
16.3.3 Human System Interface HSI
(674)
16.3.4 Communications
(675)
16.3.5 Contingency Management
(676)
16.3.6 Payload Control
(678)
16.3.7 Security
(680)
16.4 Overview of Ground Element Types
(680)
16.5 Portable Ground Control Stations
(681)
16.6 Remote Viewing Terminals
(683)
16.7 Launch and Recovery Elements
(683)
16.8 Mission Control Elements
(685)
16.9 Tasking, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination TPED
(685)
16.10 Hardware
(686)
16.10.1 Computers and User Interface Hardware
(687)
16.10.2 Shelter Design and Facility Integration
(687)
16.11 Training
(689)
16.12 Interoperability
(689)
References
(691)
Problems
(691)
17. Reliability, Maintainability, Supportability, and Transportability
(692)
17.1 Introduction
(693)
17.2 Reliability
(693)
17.2.1 Power and Propulsion
(698)
17.2.2 Avionics and Flight Controls
(698)
17.2.3 Communication Systems
(700)
17.2.4 Ground Control and Human Interfaces
(700)
17.2.5 Airframe
(701)
17.3 Availability
(702)
17.4 Maintainability
(703)
17.5 Supportability
(706)
17.6 Footprint
(711)
17.7 Logistics and Transportability
(713)
17.8 Organization, Training, and Personnel
(716)
17.9 Facilities
(717)
17.10 System Responsiveness
(719)
References
(721)
Problems
(721)
18. System Synthesis and Mission Effectiveness
(723)
18.1 Introduction
(724)
18.2 Balancing the System
(724)
18.3 System Architecture Selection
(725)
18.4 System Performance Metrics
(726)
18.5 Operations Analysis Modeling
(727)
18.5.1 Fleet Sizing for Target Coverage
(727)
18.5.2 Area Coverage
(728)
18.5.3 Payload Utility
(730)
18.6 Survivability
(730)
18.6.1 Radar
(730)
18.6.2 Acoustic
(731)
18.6.3 Infrared
(733)
18.6.4 Visual
(734)
18.7 Systems Engineering
(735)
18.8 Optimization
(735)
18.8.1 Gradient Optimizers
(737)
18.8.2 Genetic Algorithm
(741)
18.8.3 Design of Experiments
(744)
18.9 Design Environments
(745)
18.9.1 UA Sizing
(746)
References
(752)
Problems
(752)
19. Cost Analysis
(754)
19.1 Introduction
(755)
19.2 Cost Modeling
(755)
19.3 Life-Cycle Cost Approach
(757)
19.4 Program Influences on Cost
(758)
19.5 UAS Cost Data
(763)
19.6 Preacquisition Costs
(765)
19.7 Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Cost
(766)
19.7.1 RDT & E Design
(766)
19.7.2 RDT & E Development Tests
(769)
19.7.3 RDT & E Flight-Test Hardware
(771)
19.7.4 RDT & E Flight-Test Operations
(775)
19.7.5 RDT & E Financing
(778)
19.7.6 RDT & E Facilities
(778)
19.7.7 RDT & E Profit
(778)
19.7.8 Software
(778)
19.8 Production Cost
(780)
19.8.1 Manufacturing Overview
(781)
19.8.2 Manufacturing Design
(781)
19.8.3 Manufacturing Hardware
(782)
19.8.4 Manufacturing Flight-Test Operations
(782)
19.8.5 Manufacturing Finance
(783)
19.9 Operations Cost
(783)
19.9.1 Operations Overview
(783)
19.9.2 Operations Fuel, Oil, and Lubricants
(783)
19.9.3 Operations Direct Labor
(783)
19.9.4 Operations Indirect Labor
(786)
19.9.5 Operations Consumable Materials
(786)
19.9.6 Operations Miscellaneous
(786)
19.9.7 Operations BLOS Communications
(786)
19.9.8 Operations Deployment
(787)
19.9.9 Operations Spares
(788)
19.9.10 Operations Depot Maintenance
(788)
19.9.11 Operations UA Replacement
(788)
19.9.12 Other Operations Costs
(789)
19.10 Commercial Development
(789)
19.11 Services Contracts
(789)
19.12 UAS Company Startups and Investments
(790)
References
(791)
Problems
(791)
20. Product Definition and Requirements Development
(793)
20.1 Introduction
(794)
20.2 Market Surveys and Competitive Analysis
(794)
20.3 Customer Requirements Generation
(797)
20.4 Developer Product Definition
(800)
20.5 Government Acquisition
(806)
References
(808)
Problems
(809)
Index
(810)
A
(810)
B
(815)
C
(817)
D
(822)
E
(824)
F
(826)
G
(829)
H
(831)
I
(833)
J
(835)
K
(836)
L
(836)
M
(839)
N
(843)
O
(845)
P
(846)
Q
(850)
R
(850)
S
(855)
T
(859)
U
(862)
V
(866)
W
(867)
X
(869)
Y
(869)
Z
(869)
