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Handbook of physics
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Handbook of physics
Author :
Publisher :
Springer,
Pub. Year :
2001
Subjects :
Physics -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Call Number :
QC 61 .H37 2001
جستجو در محتوا
ترتيب
شماره صفحه
امتياز صفحه
فهرست مطالب
Handbook of Physycs
Preface
(6)
Contents
(7)
Contributors
(22)
Part I - Mechanics
(25)
1 Kinematics
(26)
1.1 Description of motion
(26)
1.1.1 Reference systems
(26)
1.1.2 Time
(31)
1.1.3 Length, area, volume
(32)
1.1.4 Angle
(34)
1.1.5 Mechanical systems
(35)
1.2 Motion in one dimension
(37)
1.2.1 Velocity
(37)
1.2.2 Acceleration
(40)
1.2.3 Simple motion in one dimension
(42)
1.3 Motion in several dimensions
(45)
1.3.1 Velocity vector
(46)
1.3.2 Acceleration vector
(48)
1.3.3 Free-fall and projectile motion
(51)
1.4 Rotational motion
(54)
1.4.1 Angular velocity
(55)
1.4.2 Angular acceleration
(56)
1.4.3 Orbital velocity
(57)
2 Dynamics
(59)
2.1 Fundamental laws of dynamics
(59)
2.1.1 Mass and momentum
(59)
2.1.2 Newton’s laws
(62)
2.1.3 Orbital angular momentum
(70)
2.1.4 Torque
(72)
2.1.5 The fundamental law of rotational dynamics
(74)
2.2 Forces
(75)
2.2.1 Weight
(75)
2.2.2 Spring torsion forces
(76)
2.2.3 Frictional forces
(78)
2.3 Inertial forces in rotating reference systems
(81)
2.3.1 Centripetal and centrifugal forces
(82)
2.3.2 Coriolis force
(84)
2.4 Work and energy
(85)
2.4.1 Work
(85)
2.4.2 Energy
(87)
2.4.3 Kinetic energy
(88)
2.4.4 Potential energy
(89)
2.4.5 Frictional work
(92)
2.5 Power
(92)
2.5.1 Efficiency
(93)
2.6 Collision processes
(94)
2.6.1 Elastic straight-line central collisions
(96)
2.6.2 Elastic off-center central collisions
(98)
2.6.3 Elastic non-central collision with a body at rest
(98)
2.6.4 Inelastic collisions
(100)
2.7 Rockets
(101)
2.7.1 Thrust
(101)
2.7.2 Rocket equation
(103)
2.8 Systems of point masses
(104)
2.8.1 Equations of motion
(104)
2.8.2 Momentum conservation law
(106)
2.8.3 Angular momentum conservation law
(107)
2.8.4 Energy conservation law
(108)
2.9 Lagrange’s and Hamilton’s equations
(108)
2.9.1 Lagrange’s equations and Hamilton’s principle
(108)
2.9.2 Hamilton’s equations
(111)
3 Rigid bodies
(114)
3.1 Kinematics
(114)
3.1.1 Density
(114)
3.1.2 Center of mass
(115)
3.1.3 Basic kinematic quantities
(117)
3.2 Statics
(118)
3.2.1 Force vectors
(119)
3.2.2 Torque
(121)
3.2.3 Couples
(122)
3.2.4 Equilibrium conditions of statics
(124)
3.2.5 Technical mechanics
(125)
3.2.6 Machines
(127)
3.3 Dynamics
(132)
3.4 Moment of inertia and angular momentum
(132)
3.4.1 Moment of inertia
(132)
3.4.2 Angular momentum
(137)
3.5 Work, energy and power
(139)
3.5.1 Kinetic energy
(140)
3.5.2 Torsional potential energy
(141)
3.6 Theory of the gyroscope
(142)
3.6.1 Tensor of inertia
(142)
3.6.2 Nutation and precession
(145)
3.6.3 Applications of gyroscopes
(148)
4 Gravitation and the theory of relativity
(150)
4.1 Gravitational field
(150)
4.1.1 Law of gravitation
(150)
4.1.2 Planetary motion
(152)
4.1.3 Planetary system
(154)
4.2 Special theory of relativity
(158)
4.2.1 Principle of relativity
(158)
4.2.2 Lorentz transformation
(161)
4.2.3 Relativistic effects
(165)
4.2.4 Relativistic dynamics
(166)
4.3 General theory of relativity and cosmology
(169)
4.3.1 Stars and galaxies
(171)
5 Mechanics of continuous media
(174)
5.1 Theory of elasticity
(174)
5.1.1 Stress
(174)
5.1.2 Elastic deformation
(177)
5.1.3 Plastic deformation
(188)
5.2 Hydrostatics, aerostatics
(192)
5.2.1 Liquids and gases
(193)
5.2.2 Pressure
(193)
5.2.3 Buoyancy
(201)
5.2.4 Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension
(204)
5.3 Hydrodynamics, aerodynamics
(207)
5.3.1 Flow field
(207)
5.3.2 Basic equations of ideal flow
(208)
5.3.3 Real flow
(218)
5.3.4 Turbulent flow
(224)
5.3.5 Scaling laws
(227)
5.3.6 Flow with density variation
(230)
6 Nonlinear dynamics, chaos and fractals
(232)
6.1 Dynamical systems and chaos
(233)
6.1.1 Dynamical systems
(233)
6.1.2 Conservative systems
(238)
6.1.3 Dissipative systems
(240)
6.2 Bifurcations
(242)
6.2.1 Logistic mapping
(243)
6.2.2 Universality
(246)
6.3 Fractals
(246)
Formula symbols used in mechanics
(249)
7 Tables on mechanics
(250)
7.1 Density
(250)
7.1.1 Solids
(250)
7.1.2 Fluids
(256)
7.1.3 Gases
(257)
7.2 Elastic properties
(258)
7.3 Dynamical properties
(262)
7.3.1 Coefficients of friction
(262)
7.3.2 Compressibility
(263)
7.3.3 Viscosity
(267)
7.3.5 Surface tension
(270)
Part II - Vibrations and Waves
(271)
8 Vibrations
(272)
8.1 Free undamped vibrations
(274)
8.1.1 Mass on a spring
(275)
8.1.2 Standard pendulum
(277)
8.1.3 Physical pendulum
(280)
8.1.4 Torsional vibration
(282)
8.1.5 Liquid pendulum
(283)
8.1.6 Electric circuit
(284)
8.2 Damped vibrations
(285)
8.2.1 Friction
(286)
8.2.2 Damped electric oscillator circuit
(290)
8.3 Forced vibrations
(292)
8.4 Superposition of vibrations
(294)
8.4.1 Superposition of vibrations of equal frequency
(294)
8.4.2 Superposition of vibrations of different frequencies
(296)
8.4.3 Superposition of vibrations in different directions and with different frequencies
(297)
8.4.4 Fourier analysis, decomposition into harmonics
(299)
8.5 Coupled vibrations
(300)
9 Waves
(303)
9.1 Basic features of waves
(303)
9.2 Polarization
(309)
9.3 Interference
(310)
9.3.1 Coherence
(310)
9.3.2 Interference
(311)
9.3.3 Standing waves
(312)
9.3.4 Waves with different frequencies
(315)
9.4 Doppler effect
(316)
9.4.1 Mach waves and Mach shock waves
(318)
9.5 Refraction
(318)
9.6.1 Phase relations
(320)
9.7 Dispersion
(321)
9.8 Diffraction
(321)
9.8.1 Diffraction by a slit
(322)
9.8.2 Diffraction by a grating
(323)
9.9 Modulation of waves
(324)
9.10 Surface waves and gravity waves
(325)
10 Acoustics
(327)
10.1 Sound waves
(327)
10.1.1 Sound velocity
(327)
10.1.2 Parameters of sound
(329)
10.1.3 Relative quantities
(333)
10.2 Sources and receivers of sound
(335)
10.2.1 Mechanical sound emitters
(335)
10.2.2 Electro-acoustic transducers
(337)
10.2.3 Sound absorption
(340)
10.2.4 Sound attenuation
(343)
10.2.5 Flow noise
(344)
10.3 Ultrasound
(344)
10.4 Physiological acoustics and hearing
(345)
10.4.1 Perception of sound
(346)
10.4.2 Evaluated sound levels
(347)
10.5 Musical acoustics
(347)
11 Optics
(351)
11.1 Geometric optics
(353)
11.1.1 Optical imaging—fundamental concepts
(354)
11.1.2 Reflection
(357)
11.1.3 Refraction
(361)
11.2 Lenses
(374)
11.2.1 Thick lenses
(374)
11.2.2 Thin lenses
(380)
11.3 Lens systems
(380)
11.3.1 Lenses with diaphragms
(381)
11.3.2 Image defects
(382)
11.4 Optical instruments
(384)
11.4.1 Pinhole camera
(385)
11.4.2 Camera
(385)
11.4.3 Eye
(386)
11.4.4 Eye and optical instruments
(388)
11.5 Wave optics
(392)
11.5.1 Scattering
(392)
11.5.2 Diffraction and limitation of resolution
(393)
11.5.3 Refraction in the wave picture
(395)
11.5.4 Interference
(396)
11.5.5 Diffractive optical elements
(400)
11.5.6 Dispersion
(405)
11.5.7 Spectroscopic apparatus
(406)
11.5.8 Polarization of light
(407)
11.6 Photometry
(411)
11.6.1 Photometric quantities
(412)
11.6.2 Photometric quantities
(419)
Symbols used in formulae on vibrations, waves, acoustics and optics
(422)
12 Tables on vibrations, waves, acoustics and optics
(424)
12.1 Tables on vibrations and acoustics
(424)
12.2 Tables on optics
(429)
Part III - Electricity
(433)
13 Charges and currents
(434)
13.1 Electric charge
(434)
13.1.1 Coulomb’s law
(436)
13.2 Electric charge density
(437)
13.3 Electric current
(439)
13.3.1 Ampere’s law
(441)
13.4 Electric current density
(441)
13.4.1 Electric current flow field
(443)
13.5 Electric resistance and conductance
(444)
13.5.1 Electric resistance
(444)
13.5.2 Electric conductance
(445)
13.5.3 Resistivity and conductivity
(445)
13.5.4 Mobility of charge carriers
(446)
13.5.5 Temperature dependence of the resistance
(447)
13.5.6 Variable resistors
(448)
13.5.7 Connection of resistors
(449)
14 Electric and magnetic fields
(451)
14.1 Electric field
(451)
14.2 Electrostatic induction
(452)
14.2.1 Electric field lines
(453)
14.2.2 Electric field strength of point charges
(456)
14.3 Force
(457)
14.4 Electric voltage
(457)
14.5 Electric potential
(459)
14.5.1 Equipotential surfaces
(460)
14.5.2 Field strength and potential of various charge distributions
(460)
14.5.3 Electric flux
(463)
14.5.4 Electric displacement in a vacuum
(465)
14.6 Electric polarization
(466)
14.6.1 Dielectric
(468)
14.7 Capacitance
(469)
14.7.1 Parallel-plate capacitor
(470)
14.7.2 Parallel connection of capacitors
(470)
14.7.3 Series connection of capacitors
(471)
14.7.4 Capacitance of simple arrangements of conductors
(471)
14.8 Energy and energy density of the electric field
(472)
14.9 Electric field at interfaces
(473)
14.10 Magnetic field
(474)
14.11 Magnetism
(475)
14.11.1 Magnetic field lines
(475)
14.12 Magnetic flux density
(477)
14.13 Magnetic flux
(479)
14.14 Magnetic field strength
(481)
14.15 Magnetic potential difference and magnetic circuits
(482)
14.15.1 Ampere’s law
(484)
14.15.2 Biot-Savart’s law
(486)
14.15.3 Magnetic field of a rectilinear conductor
(488)
14.15.4 Magnetic fields of various current distributions
(489)
14.16 Matter in magnetic fields
(490)
14.16.1 Diamagnetism
(492)
14.16.2 Paramagnetism
(492)
14.16.3 Ferromagnetism
(493)
14.16.4 Antiferromagnetism
(495)
14.16.5 Ferrimagnetism
(496)
14.17 Magnetic fields at interfaces
(496)
14.18 Induction
(497)
14.18.1 Faraday’s law of induction
(498)
14.18.2 Transformer induction
(499)
14.19 Self-induction
(500)
14.19.1 Inductances of geometric arrangements of conductors
(502)
14.19.2 Magnetic conductance
(503)
14.20 Mutual induction
(504)
14.20.1 Transformer
(505)
14.21 Energy and energy density of the magnetic field
(506)
14.22 Maxwell’s equations
(508)
14.22.1 Displacement current
(509)
14.22.2 Electromagnetic waves
(510)
14.22.3 Poynting vector
(512)
15 Applications in electrical engineering
(513)
15.1 Direct-current circuit
(514)
15.1.1 Kirchhoff’s laws for direct-current circuit
(515)
15.1.2 Resistors in a direct-current circuit
(515)
15.1.3 Real voltage source
(517)
15.1.4 Power and energy in the direct-current circuit
(519)
15.1.5 Matching for power transfer
(520)
15.1.6 Measurement of current and voltage
(521)
15.1.7 Resistance measurement by means of the compensation method
(522)
15.1.8 Charging and discharging of capacitors
(523)
15.1.9 Switching the current on and off in a RL-circuit
(525)
15.2 Alternating-current circuit
(526)
15.2.1 Alternating quantities
(526)
15.2.2 Representation of sinusoidal quantities in a phasor diagram
(529)
15.2.3 Calculation rules for phasor quantities
(531)
15.2.4 Basics of alternating-current engineering
(534)
15.2.5 Basic components in the alternating-current circuit
(541)
15.2.6 Series connection of resistor and capacitor
(546)
15.2.7 Parallel connection of a resistor and a capacitor
(547)
15.2.8 Parallel connection of a resistor and an inductor
(548)
15.2.9 Series connection of a resistor and an inductor
(548)
15.2.10 Series-resonant circuit
(550)
15.2.11 Parallel-resonant circuit
(551)
15.2.12 Equivalence of series and parallel connections
(553)
15.2.13 Radio waves
(554)
15.3 Electric machines
(556)
15.3.1 Fundamental functional principle
(556)
15.3.2 Direct-current machine
(557)
15.3.3 Three-phase machine
(559)
16 Current conduction in liquids, gases and vacuum
(563)
16.1 Electrolysis
(563)
16.1.1 Amount of substance
(563)
16.1.2 Ions
(564)
16.1.3 Electrodes
(564)
16.1.4 Electrolytes
(564)
16.1.5 Galvanic cells
(569)
16.1.6 Electrokinetic effects
(572)
16.2 Current conduction in gases
(572)
16.2.1 Non-self-sustained discharge
(572)
16.2.2 Self-sustained gaseous discharge
(575)
16.3 Electron emission
(577)
16.3.1 Thermo-ionic emission
(577)
16.3.2 Photo emission
(577)
16.3.3 Field emission
(578)
16.3.4 Secondary electron emission
(579)
16.4 Vacuum tubes
(579)
16.4.1 Vacuum-tube diode
(580)
16.4.2 Vacuum-tube triode
(580)
16.4.3 Tetrode
(583)
16.4.4 Cathode rays
(583)
16.4.5 Channel rays
(583)
17 Plasma physics
(585)
17.1 Properties of a plasma
(585)
17.1.1 Plasma parameters
(585)
17.1.2 Plasma radiation
(592)
17.1.3 Plasmas in magnetic fields
(593)
17.1.4 Plasma waves
(595)
17.2 Generation of plasmas
(598)
17.2.1 Thermal generation of plasma
(598)
17.2.2 Generation of plasma by compression
(598)
17.3 Energy production with plasmas
(600)
17.3.1 MHD generator
(600)
17.3.2 Nuclear fusion reactors
(601)
17.3.3 Fusion with magnetic confinement
(602)
17.3.4 Fusion with inertial confinement
(603)
Symbols used in formulae on electricity and plasma physics
(605)
18 Tables on electricity
(607)
18.1 Metals and alloys
(607)
18.1.1 Specific electric resistance
(607)
18.1.2 Electrochemical potential series
(610)
18.2 Dielectrics
(613)
18.3 Practical tables of electric engineering
(618)
18.4 Magnetic properties
(621)
18.5 Ferromagnetic properties
(626)
18.5.1 Magnetic anisotropy
(629)
18.6 Ferrites
(631)
18.7 Antiferromagnets
(631)
18.8 Ion mobility
(632)
Part IV - Thermodynamics
(633)
19 Equilibrium and state variables
(634)
19.1 Systems, phases and equilibrium
(634)
19.1.1 Systems
(634)
19.1.2 Phases
(635)
19.1.3 Equilibrium
(636)
19.2 State variables
(638)
19.2.1 State property definitions
(638)
19.2.2 Temperature
(640)
19.2.3 Pressure
(645)
19.2.4 Particle number, amount of substance and Avogadro number
(648)
19.2.5 Entropy
(651)
19.3 Thermodynamic potentials
(652)
19.3.1 Principle of maximum entropy—principle of minimum energy
(652)
19.3.2 Internal energy as a potential
(652)
19.3.3 Entropy as a thermodynamic potential
(653)
19.3.4 Free energy
(654)
19.3.5 Enthalpy
(655)
19.3.6 Free enthalpy
(658)
19.3.7 Maxwell relations
(659)
19.3.8 Thermodynamic stability
(660)
19.4 Ideal gas
(661)
19.4.1 Boyle-Mariotte law
(662)
19.4.2 Law of Gay-Lussac
(662)
19.4.3 Equation of state
(663)
19.5 Kinetic theory of the ideal gas
(664)
19.5.1 Pressure and temperature
(664)
19.5.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
(666)
19.5.3 Degrees of freedom
(668)
19.5.4 Equipartition law
(668)
19.5.5 Transport processes
(669)
19.6 Equations of state
(672)
19.6.1 Equation of state of the ideal gas
(672)
19.6.2 Equation of state of real gases
(676)
19.6.3 Equation of states for liquids and solids
(682)
20 Heat, conversion of energy and changes of state
(685)
20.1 Energy forms
(685)
20.1.1 Energy units
(685)
20.1.2 Work
(686)
20.1.3 Chemical potential
(687)
20.1.4 Heat
(688)
20.2 Energy conversion
(689)
20.2.1 Conversion of equivalent energies into heat
(689)
20.2.2 Conversion of heat into other forms of energy
(693)
20.2.3 Exergy and anergy
(693)
20.3 Heat capacity
(694)
20.3.1 Total heat capacity
(694)
20.3.2 Molar heat capacity
(696)
20.3.3 Specific heat capacity
(697)
20.4 Changes of state
(701)
20.4.1 Reversible and irreversible processes
(701)
20.4.2 Isothermal processes
(702)
20.4.3 Isobaric processes
(703)
20.4.4 Isochoric processes
(704)
20.4.5 Adiabatic (isentropic) processes
(705)
20.4.6 Equilibrium states
(707)
20.5 Laws of thermodynamics
(708)
20.5.1 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(708)
20.5.2 First law of thermodynamics
(708)
20.5.3 Second law of thermodynamics
(711)
20.5.4 Third law of thermodynamics
(712)
20.6 Carnot cycle
(712)
20.6.1 Principle and application
(712)
20.6.2 Reduced heat
(715)
20.7 Thermodynamic machines
(716)
20.7.1 Right-handed and left-handed processes
(716)
20.7.2 Heat pump and refrigerator
(717)
20.7.3 Stirling cycle
(718)
20.7.4 Steam engine
(719)
20.7.5 Open systems
(720)
20.7.6 Otto and Diesel engines
(721)
20.7.7 Gas turbines
(723)
20.8 Gas liquefaction
(724)
20.8.1 Generation of low temperatures
(724)
20.8.2 Joule–Thomson effect
(725)
21 Phase transitions, reactions and equalizing of heat
(727)
21.1 Phase and state of aggregation
(727)
21.1.1 Phase
(727)
21.1.2 Aggregation states
(727)
21.1.3 Conversions of aggregation states
(728)
21.1.4 Vapor
(729)
21.2 Order of phase transitions
(730)
21.2.1 First-order phase transition
(730)
21.2.2 Second-order phase transition
(731)
21.2.3 Lambda transitions
(732)
21.2.4 Phase-coexistence region
(732)
21.2.5 Critical indices
(733)
21.3 Phase transition and Van der Waals gas
(734)
21.3.1 Phase equilibrium
(734)
21.3.2 Maxwell construction
(734)
21.3.3 Delayed boiling and delayed condensation
(736)
21.3.4 Theorem of corresponding states
(737)
21.4 Examples of phase transitions
(737)
21.4.1 Magnetic phase transitions
(737)
21.4.2 Order–disorder phase transitions
(738)
21.4.3 Change in the crystal structure
(739)
21.4.4 Liquid crystals
(740)
21.4.5 Superconductivity
(740)
21.4.6 Superfluidity
(741)
21.5 Multicomponent gases
(741)
21.5.1 Partial pressure and Dalton’s law
(742)
21.5.2 Euler equation and Gibbs–Duhem relation
(743)
21.6 Multiphase systems
(744)
21.6.1 Phase equilibrium
(744)
21.6.2 Gibbs phase rule
(744)
21.6.3 Clausius–Clapeyron equation
(745)
21.7 Vapor pressure of solutions
(746)
21.7.1 Raoult’s law
(746)
21.7.2 Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression
(746)
21.7.3 Henry–Dalton law
(748)
21.7.4 Steam–air mixtures (humid air)
(748)
21.8 Chemical reactions
(752)
21.8.1 Stoichiometry
(753)
21.8.2 Phase rule for chemical reactions
(754)
21.8.3 Law of mass action
(754)
21.8.4 pH-value and solubility product
(756)
21.9 Equalization of temperature
(758)
21.9.1 Mixing temperature of two systems
(758)
21.9.2 Reversible and irreversible processes
(759)
21.10 Heat transfer
(760)
21.10.1 Heat flow
(761)
21.10.2 Heat transfer
(761)
21.10.3 Heat conduction
(763)
21.10.4 Thermal resistance
(767)
21.10.5 Heat transmission
(769)
21.10.6 Heat radiation
(774)
21.10.7 Deposition of radiation
(774)
21.11 Transport of heat and mass
(776)
21.11.1 Fourier’s law
(776)
21.11.2 Continuity equation
(776)
21.11.3 Heat conduction equation
(777)
21.11.4 Fick’s law and diffusion equation
(778)
21.11.5 Solution of the equation of heat conduction and diffusion
(779)
Formula symbols used in thermodynamics
(781)
22 Tables on thermodynamics
(784)
22.1 Characteristic temperatures
(784)
22.1.1 Units and calibration points
(784)
22.1.2 Melting and boiling points
(786)
22.1.3 Curie and Néel temperatures
(795)
22.2 Characteristics of real gases
(796)
22.3 Thermal properties of substances
(797)
22.3.1 Viscosity
(797)
22.3.2 Expansion, heat capacity and thermal conductivity
(798)
22.4 Heat transmission
(804)
22.5 Practical correction data
(807)
22.5.1 Pressure measurement
(807)
22.5.2 Volume measurements—conversion to standard temperature
(812)
22.6 Generation of liquid low-temperature baths
(813)
22.7 Dehydrators
(814)
22.8 Vapor pressure
(815)
22.8.1 Solutions
(815)
22.8.2 Relative humidity
(815)
22.8.3 Vapor pressure of water
(816)
22.9 Specific enthalpies
(818)
Part V - Quantum physics
(823)
23 Photons, electromagnetic radiation and light quanta
(824)
23.1 Planck’s radiation law
(824)
23.2 Photoelectric effect
(827)
23.3 Compton effect
(829)
24 Matter waves—wave mechanics of particles
(831)
24.1 Wave character of particles
(831)
24.2 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
(833)
24.3 Wave function and observable
(833)
24.4 Schrödinger equation
(841)
24.4.1 Piecewise constant potentials
(843)
24.4.2 Harmonic oscillator
(847)
24.4.3 Pauli principle
(849)
24.5 Spin and magnetic moments
(850)
24.5.1 Spin
(850)
24.5.2 Magnetic moments
(853)
25 Atomic and molecular physics
(856)
25.1 Fundamentals of spectroscopy
(856)
25.2 Hydrogen atom
(859)
25.2.1 Bohr’s postulates
(860)
25.3 Stationary states and quantum numbers in the central field
(864)
25.4 Many-electron atoms
(869)
25.5 X-rays
(873)
25.5.1 Applications of x-rays
(875)
25.6 Molecular spectra
(876)
25.7 Atoms in external fields
(879)
25.8 Periodic Table of elements
(882)
25.9 Interaction of photons with atoms and molecules
(884)
25.9.1 Spontaneous and induced emission
(884)
26 Elementary particle physics—standard model
(887)
26.1 Unification of interactions
(887)
26.1.1 Standard model
(887)
26.1.2 Field quanta or gauge bosons
(891)
26.1.3 Fermions and bosons
(893)
26.2 Leptons, quarks, and vector bosons
(895)
26.2.1 Leptons
(895)
26.2.2 Quarks
(896)
26.2.3 Hadrons
(898)
26.2.4 Accelerators and detectors
(902)
26.3 Symmetries and conservation laws
(904)
26.3.1 Parity conservation and the weak interaction
(904)
26.3.2 Charge conservation and pair production
(905)
26.3.3 Charge conjugation and antiparticles
(906)
26.3.4 Time-reversal invariance and inverse reactions
(907)
26.3.5 Conservation laws
(907)
26.3.6 Beyond the standard model
(908)
27 Nuclear physics
(910)
27.3 Nucleon-nucleon interaction
(915)
27.3.1 Phenomenologic nucleon-nucleon potentials
(915)
27.3.2 Meson exchange potentials
(917)
27.4 Nuclear models
(918)
27.4.1 Fermi-gas model
(918)
27.4.2 Nuclear matter
(918)
27.4.3 Droplet model
(919)
27.4.4 Shell model
(920)
27.4.5 Collective model
(923)
27.5 Nuclear reactions
(925)
27.5.1 Reaction channels and cross-sections
(925)
27.5.2 Conservation laws in nuclear reactions
(929)
27.5.3 Elastic scattering
(931)
27.5.4 Compound-nuclear reactions
(932)
27.5.5 Optical model
(934)
27.5.6 Direct reactions
(934)
27.5.7 Heavy-ion reactions
(935)
27.5.8 Nuclear fission
(938)
27.6 Nuclear decay
(940)
27.6.1 Decay law
(941)
27.6.2 α-decay
(944)
27.6.3 β-decay
(946)
27.6.4 γ -decay
(949)
27.6.5 Emission of nucleons and nucleon clusters
(950)
27.7 Nuclear reactor
(950)
27.7.1 Types of reactors
(952)
27.8 Nuclear fusion
(953)
27.9 Interaction of radiation with matter
(956)
27.9.1 Ionizing particles
(956)
27.9.2 γ -radiation
(959)
27.10 Dosimetry
(961)
27.10.1 Methods of dosage measurements
(965)
27.10.2 Environmental radioactivity
(967)
27.1 Constituents of the atomic nucleus
(910)
27.2 Basic quantities of the atomic nucleus
(913)
28 Solid-state physics
(969)
28.1 Structure of solid bodies
(969)
28.1.1 Basic concepts of solid-state physics
(969)
28.1.2 Structure of crystals
(970)
28.1.3 Bravais lattices
(972)
28.1.4 Methods for structure investigation
(976)
28.1.5 Bond relations in crystals
(978)
28.2 Lattice defects
(981)
28.2.1 Point defects
(981)
28.2.2 One-dimensional defects
(983)
28.2.3 Two-dimensional lattice defects
(984)
28.2.4 Amorphous solids
(985)
28.3 Mechanical properties of materials
(986)
28.3.1 Macromolecular solids
(986)
28.3.2 Compound materials
(989)
28.3.3 Alloys
(990)
28.3.4 Liquid crystals
(992)
28.4 Phonons and lattice vibrations
(993)
28.4.1 Elastic waves
(993)
28.4.2 Phonons and specific heat capacity
(997)
28.4.3 Einstein model
(998)
28.4.4 Debye model
(999)
28.4.5 Heat conduction
(1001)
28.5 Electrons in solids
(1002)
28.5.1 Free-electron gas
(1003)
28.5.2 Band model
(1009)
28.6 Semiconductors
(1013)
28.6.1 Extrinsic conduction
(1016)
28.6.2 Semiconductor diode
(1018)
28.6.3 Transistor
(1025)
28.6.4 Unipolar (field effect) transistors
(1032)
28.6.5 Thyristor
(1034)
28.6.6 Integrated circuits (IC)
(1036)
28.6.7 Operational amplifiers
(1039)
28.7 Superconductivity
(1044)
28.7.1 Fundamental properties of superconductivity
(1045)
28.7.2 High-temperature superconductors
(1049)
28.8 Magnetic properties
(1051)
28.8.1 Ferromagnetism
(1054)
28.8.2 Antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism
(1056)
28.9 Dielectric properties
(1057)
28.9.1 Para-electric materials
(1061)
28.9.2 Ferroelectrics
(1061)
28.10 Optical properties of crystals
(1062)
28.10.1 Excitons and their properties
(1063)
28.10.2 Photoconductivity
(1064)
28.10.3 Luminescence
(1065)
28.10.4 Optoelectronic properties
(1065)
Formula symbols used in quantum physics
(1067)
29 Tables in quantum physics
(1072)
29.1 Ionization potentials
(1072)
29.2 Atomic and ionic radii of elements
(1079)
29.3 Electron emission
(1083)
29.4 X-rays
(1087)
29.5 Nuclear reactions
(1088)
29.6 Interaction of radiation with matter
(1089)
29.7 Hall effect
(1090)
29.8 Superconductors
(1092)
29.9 Semiconductors
(1094)
29.9.1 Thermal, magnetic and electric properties of semiconductors
(1094)
Part VI - Appendix
(1096)
30 Measurements and measurement errors
(1097)
30.1 Description of measurements
(1097)
30.1.1 Quantities and SI units
(1097)
30.2 Error theory and statistics
(1100)
30.2.1 Types of errors
(1100)
30.2.2 Mean values of runs
(1102)
30.2.3 Variance
(1104)
30.2.4 Correlation
(1105)
30.2.5 Regression analysis
(1106)
30.2.6 Rate distributions
(1106)
30.2.7 Reliability
(1111)
31 Vector calculus
(1114)
31.1.1 Vectors
(1114)
31.1.2 Multiplication by a scalar
(1115)
31.1.3 Addition and subtraction of vectors
(1116)
31.1.4 Multiplication of vectors
(1116)
32 Differential and integral calculus
(1119)
32.1 Differential calculus
(1119)
32.1.1 Differentiation rules
(1119)
32.2 Integral calculus
(1120)
32.2.1 Integration rules
(1121)
32.3 Derivatives and integrals of elementary functions
(1122)
33 Tables on the SI
(1123)
Index
(1129)
Natural constants in SI units
(1180)
Thermodynamic formulas
(1181)
Periodic table
(1183)