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Protective relay principles
Sleva, Anthony F.
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Protective relay principles
Author :
Sleva, Anthony F.
Publisher :
CRC Press,
Pub. Year :
2009
Subjects :
Protective relays.
Call Number :
TK 2861 .S49 2009
جستجو در محتوا
ترتيب
شماره صفحه
امتياز صفحه
فهرست مطالب
Protective Relay Principles
(2)
Contents
(4)
Preface
(11)
Author
(12)
Acknowledgments
(13)
dk1456_c001.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Power System Components
(14)
1.1 Transmission Lines
(14)
1.2 Distribution Lines
(18)
1.3 Transformers
(23)
1.4 Circuit Breakers
(28)
1.5 Buses
(29)
1.6 Switchyards
(31)
1.7 Fuses
(32)
1.8 Substations
(35)
1.9 Reclosers
(36)
1.10 Generators
(37)
dk1456_c002.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 2: Power System Subcomponents
(39)
2.1 Current Transformers
(39)
2.2 Voltage Transformers
(43)
2.3 Capacitive Coupled Voltage Transformers
(44)
2.4 Protective Relays
(46)
2.5 Control Relays
(46)
2.6 Master Trip Relays
(47)
2.7 Programmable Logic Controllers
(47)
2.8 Insulators
(47)
2.9 Bushings
(48)
2.10 Cable Terminators
(48)
2.11 Disconnect Switches
(48)
2.12 Air Break Switches
(50)
2.13 Motor-Operated Air Break Switches
(50)
2.14 Ground Switches
(51)
2.15 Surge Arrestors
(51)
2.16 Sectionalizers
(52)
2.17 Batteries
(52)
dk1456_c003.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 3: Abnormal Power System Conditions
(53)
3.1 Short Circuits
(53)
3.1.1 Three-Phase Faults
(54)
3.1.2 Phase-to-Phase Faults
(56)
3.1.3 Double Phase-to-ground Faults
(56)
3.1.4 Single Phase-to-ground Faults
(57)
3.1.5 Turn-to-Turn Faults
(59)
3.1.6 Winding-to-Winding Faults
(59)
3.1.7 Winding-to-ground Faults
(59)
3.1.8 Plate-to-Plate Faults
(59)
3.2 Overloads
(60)
3.3 Overvoltage
(60)
3.4 Undervoltage
(61)
3.5 Overfrequency
(61)
3.6 Underfrequency
(62)
3.7 Open Phase
(63)
3.8 Single Phasing
(63)
3.9 Phase Unbalance
(64)
3.10 Volts per Hertz
(66)
dk1456_c004.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 4: Short-Circuit Calculations
(68)
4.1 Symmetrical Components
(68)
4.2 Positive Sequence Networks
(70)
4.3 Negative Sequence Networks
(71)
4.4 Zero Sequence Networks
(71)
4.5 Operators
(72)
4.6 Sequence Diagram Connections—Three-Phase Faults
(74)
4.7 Sequence Diagram Connections—Phase-to-Phase Faults
(75)
4.8 Sequence Diagram Connections—Single Phase-to-Ground Faults
(76)
4.9 Per-Unit Quantities
(76)
4.10 Sample Calculations
(78)
4.11 Sample Calculations—Three-Phase Faults
(79)
4.12 Sample Calculations—Phase-to-Phase Faults
(80)
4.13 Sample Calculations—Single Phase-to-Ground Faults
(82)
4.14 Sample Calculations—Mutual Coupling
(85)
dk1456_c005.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 5: Protective Relay Functions
(89)
5.1 Time Overcurrent Relay (51)
(90)
5.2 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay (50)
(92)
5.3 Overvoltage Relay (59)
(93)
5.4 Undervoltage Relay (27)
(95)
5.5 Distance Relay (21)
(96)
5.6 Differential Relay (87)
(98)
5.7 Directional Relay (67)
(99)
5.8 Underfrequency Relay (81)
(100)
5.9 Overfrequency Relay (81)
(101)
dk1456_c006.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 6: Protective Relay Functional Combinations
(102)
6.1 Voltage-Controlled Time Overcurrent Relay
(102)
6.2 Torque-Controlled Time Overcurrent Relay
(103)
6.3 Logic-Controlled Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
(103)
6.4 Torque-Controlled Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
(104)
6.5 Logic-Controlled Overvoltage Relay
(104)
6.6 Logic-Controlled Undervoltage Relay
(104)
6.7 Logic-Controlled Distance Relay
(105)
6.8 Current-Supervised Distance Relay
(105)
6.9 Logic-Supervised Differential Relay
(105)
6.10 Current-Supervised Differential Relay
(106)
6.11 Current-Supervised Underfrequency Relay
(106)
6.12 Dual Underfrequency Relays
(106)
dk1456_c007.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 7: Zones and Regions of Protection
(107)
7.1 Zones of Protection
(107)
7.1.1 Relay Characteristics and applied Setpoint
(109)
7.1.1.1 Overcurrent Relays
(109)
7.1.1.2 Distance Relays
(110)
7.1.1.3 Differential Relays
(111)
7.1.2 Instrument Transformer location, Connection, Polarity, and ratio
(111)
7.1.2.1 Overcurrent Relays
(111)
7.1.2.2 Distance Relays
(112)
7.1.2.3 Differential Relays
(112)
7.1.3 Control Scheme logic
(113)
7.1.4 Power System Configuration
(113)
7.2 Regions of Protection
(119)
7.2.1 Relay Characteristics and applied Setpoint
(121)
7.2.1.1 Overvoltage Relays
(121)
7.2.1.2 Undervoltage Relays
(123)
7.2.1.3 Underfrequency Relays
(123)
7.2.1.4 Overfrequency Relays
(124)
7.2.1.5 Unbalanced Voltage Relays
(125)
7.2.2 Instrument Transformer location, Connection, Polarity, and ratio
(125)
7.2.2.1 Overvoltage Relays
(125)
7.2.2.2 Undervoltage Relays
(125)
7.2.2.3 Underfrequency Relays
(125)
7.2.2.4 Overfrequency Relays
(125)
7.2.2.5 Unbalanced Voltage Relays
(126)
7.2.3 Control Scheme logic
(126)
7.2.4 Power System Configuration
(126)
dk1456_c008.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 8: Physical Characteristics of Protective Relays
(131)
8.1 Electromechanical Relays
(131)
8.2 Solid-State Relays
(133)
8.3 Microprocessor-Based Relays
(134)
8.4 Relay Operation
(134)
8.5 Relay Packaging
(135)
dk1456_c009.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 9: Setting Considerations
(139)
9.1 Power System Configuration and Operation
(139)
9.1.1 Mutual Coupling
(141)
9.1.2 ground bank action
(143)
9.2 Power System Requirements
(148)
9.3 Maximum Short-Circuit Current—Fault in Protected Zone
(149)
9.4 Maximum Relay Short-Circuit Current—Fault in Adjacent Zone
(150)
9.5 Minimum Relay Short-Circuit Current—Fault in Protected Zone
(150)
9.6 Fault Current Ratio
(151)
9.7 Relay Sensitivity
(153)
9.8 Circuit Loading
(154)
9.9 Relay Coordination
(159)
9.10 Directionality
(160)
9.11 Accuracy of Calculations
(161)
9.12 Device Accuracy
(162)
9.13 Circuit-Breaker Operating Times
(163)
9.14 Transient Overreach
(163)
9.15 Cold Load Inrush
(165)
9.16 Redundancy
(167)
9.17 Relay Drift
(167)
9.18 Security
(168)
9.19 Arc Flash Hazard
(168)
9.20 Circuit Breaker-Failure Detection and Isolation
(169)
9.21 Free-Standing CT Flashover Detection
(170)
9.22 Switchable Settings
(170)
9.23 Recovery Voltage Inrush
(170)
dk1456_c010.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 10: Protection and Control Schemes
(171)
10.1 Alternative Protective Relay Trip Logic
(179)
10.2 Supervised Protective Relay Logic
(181)
dk1456_c011.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 11: Protective Relay Coordination
(182)
11.1 Instantaneous Current Relays
(182)
11.2 Time Overcurrent Relays
(183)
11.2.1 Maximum Current Flow with Normal Fault Clearing
(183)
11.2.2 Maximum Current Flow When a remote Circuit breaker Fails to Open
(184)
11.2.3 Maximum ratio of Through Current for restricted Faults on each remote line
(184)
11.2.4 Maximum ratio of Through Current for restricted Faults on each remote line and remote Circuit breaker Fails to Open
(185)
11.3 Instantaneous Voltage Relays
(185)
11.4 Time-Delayed Voltage Relays
(186)
11.5 Instantaneous (Zone 1) Impedance Relays
(186)
11.6 Time-Delayed (Zone 2 or Zone 3) Impedance Relays
(187)
11.7 Instantaneous Frequency Relays
(187)
11.8 Time-Delayed Frequency Relays
(188)
dk1456_c012.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 12: Distribution-Line Protection: Radial Lines
(189)
12.1 Distribution-Line Protection Philosophy
(190)
12.1.1 Time Overcurrent Phase Relays
(191)
12.1.2 Instantaneous Overcurrent Phase Relays
(191)
12.1.3 Time Overcurrent Ground Relays
(191)
12.1.4 Instantaneous Overcurrent Ground Relays
(192)
12.2 Setpoint Margin Considerations
(192)
12.3 Distribution-Line Protection
(194)
12.4 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Load Capability
(197)
12.5 Time Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting—Load Capability
(197)
12.6 Low Set Instantaneous Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting
(198)
12.7 Low-Set Instantaneous Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting
(198)
12.8 High-Set Instantaneous Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting
(199)
12.9 High-Set Instantaneous Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting
(202)
12.10 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Sensitivity Check
(203)
12.11 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Time Delay
(203)
12.12 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Upstream Coordination
(210)
12.13 Time Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting—Sensitivity Check
(211)
12.14 Time Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting—Time Delay
(212)
12.15 Time Overcurrent Relay Ground Pickup Setting—Upstream Coordination
(213)
dk1456_c013.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 13: Distribution-Line Protection: Network Lines
(219)
13.1 Networked Distribution-Line Protection Philosophy
(220)
13.1.1 Time Overcurrent Phase Relays
(220)
13.1.2 Definite Time Overcurrent Phase Relays
(221)
13.1.3 Instantaneous Overcurrent Phase Relays
(221)
13.1.4 Time Overcurrent Ground Relays
(221)
13.1.5 Definite Time Overcurrent Ground Relays
(221)
13.1.6 Instantaneous Overcurrent Ground Relays
(221)
13.2 Setpoint Margin Considerations
(222)
13.3 Distribution-Line Protection
(224)
13.4 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Load Capability
(224)
13.5 Time Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting—Load Capability
(227)
13.6 Instantaneous Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting
(227)
13.7 Instantaneous Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting
(230)
13.8 Definite Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting
(231)
13.9 Definite Time Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting
(231)
13.10 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Sensitivity Check
(232)
13.11 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Time Delay
(232)
13.12 Time Overcurrent Phase Relay Pickup Setting—Upstream Coordination
(233)
13.13 Time Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting—Sensitivity Check
(235)
13.14 Time Overcurrent Ground Relay Pickup Setting—Time Delay
(237)
13.15 Time Overcurrent Relay Ground Pickup Setting—Upstream Coordination
(237)
dk1456_c014.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 14: Transmission-Line Protection
(240)
14.1 Phase Distance Relays
(241)
14.2 Ground Distance Relays
(251)
14.3 Overcurrent Ground Relays
(252)
14.4 Instantaneous Overcurrent Ground Relays
(255)
14.5 Time Overcurrent Ground Relays
(256)
14.6 Directional Unit Sensitivity for Ground Faults
(259)
14.7 Current-Polarized Ground Relays
(259)
14.8 Voltage-Polarized Ground Relays
(260)
14.9 High-Speed Relaying Schemes
(260)
14.9.1 Permissive Overreaching Scheme
(261)
14.9.2 Directional Comparison Blocking Scheme
(262)
14.9.3 Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip Schemes
(263)
14.9.4 Direct Transfer Trip Schemes
(264)
14.10 Line Differential Scheme
(265)
14.11 CT Saturation
(266)
dk1456_c015.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 15: Transformer Protection
(267)
15.1 Transformer External Fault Protection
(275)
dk1456_c016.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 16: Bus Protection
(279)
16.1 Overcurrent Bus Differential
(279)
16.2 Bus Differential—Quick Trip Settings
(280)
16.3 Bus Differential—Time Overcurrent Settings
(281)
16.4 High-Impedance Bus Differential
(283)
16.5 Sensitivity for Bus Faults
(302)
dk1456_c017.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 17: Breaker Failure Relaying
(288)
17.1 Remote Breaker Failure Protection—Phase Distance Relays
(288)
17.2 Remote Breaker Failure Protection—Overcurrent Ground Relays
(289)
17.3 Remote Breaker Failure Protection—Watt-Type Ground Relays
(290)
17.4 Local Breaker Failure Protection—Traditional
(290)
17.5 Control Elementary Diagram
(294)
17.6 Control Elementary Diagram
(296)
17.7 Local Breaker Failure Protection for Transformer Protection
(299)
dk1456_c018.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 18: Capacitor Protection
(303)
18.1 Neutral Current Monitoring
(305)
18.2 Midpoint Voltage Monitoring
(307)
dk1456_c019.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 19: Shunt and Series Reactor Protection
(310)
dk1456_c020.pdf
Table of Contents
Chapter 20: Grid Protection
(317)
20.1 Voltage Issues
(317)
20.2 Undervoltage Protection—Grid Protection
(318)
20.3 Undervoltage Protection—Load Protection
(319)
20.4 Overvoltage Protection—Grid Protection
(321)
20.5 Overvoltage Protection—Load Protection
(322)
20.6 Frequency Control
(324)
20.7 Underfrequency Relaying
(326)
20.8 Overfrequency Relaying
(331)