برای استفاده از امکانات سیستم، گزینه جاوا اسکریپت در مرورگر شما باید فعال باشد
صفحه
از
0
الکترومغناطیس
هیت، ویلیام هارت Hayt, William Hart
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
الکترومغناطیس
پدیدآور اصلی :
هیت، ویلیام هارت Hayt, William Hart
ناشر :
دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، موسسه انتشارات علمی،
سال انتشار :
[1356]
موضوع ها :
الکترومغناطیس، تئوری.
شماره راهنما :
QC 670 .H38
جستجو در محتوا
ترتيب
شماره صفحه
امتياز صفحه
فهرست مطالب
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication, 2nd - Hamrock.pdf
1
(1)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(1)
Preface
(10)
Contents
(12)
DK1203_ch01
(22)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(22)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
(22)
1.1 Introduction
(22)
1.2 Conformal and Nonconformal Surfaces
(23)
1.3 Lubrication Regimes
(24)
1.3.1 Historical Perspective
(24)
1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
(25)
1.3.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
(26)
Hard EHL
(27)
Soft EHL
(28)
1.3.4 Boundary Lubrication
(28)
Organic Boundary Lubricants
(31)
Inorganic Boundary Lubricants
(33)
Mechanisms of Boundary Lubrication
(34)
Chemical-Mechanical Effects
(36)
Thermal Activation
(37)
1.3.5 Partial Lubrication
(38)
1.3.6 Stribeck Curve
(38)
1.4 Closure
(40)
1.5 Problems
(41)
References
(41)
DK1203_ch02
(44)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(44)
Table of Contents
Chapter 2: Bearing Classification and Selection
(44)
2.1 Introduction
(44)
2.2 Bearing Classification
(45)
2.2.1 Dry Rubbing Bearings
(45)
2.2.2 Impregnated bearings
(45)
2.2.3 Conformal Fluid Film Bearings
(46)
2.2.4 Rolling-Element Bearings
(48)
2.3 Bearing Selection
(49)
2.4 Closure
(58)
2.5 Problems
(58)
References
(59)
DK1203_ch03
(60)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(60)
Table of Contents
Chapter 3: Surface Topography
(60)
3.1 Introduction
(60)
3.2 Geometric Characteristics of Surfaces
(61)
3.3 Contacting Measurement Methods
(62)
3.3.1 Stylus ProRlometry
(62)
3.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy
(63)
3.4 Noncontacting Measurement Devices
(64)
3.5 Reference Lines
(66)
3.5.1 Mean, or M System
(68)
3.5.2 Ten-Point Average
(68)
3.5.3 Least Squares
(68)
3.6 Computation of Surface Parameters
(69)
3.7 Autocorrelation Parameter
(76)
3.8 Distribution of Slope and Curvature
(77)
3.9 Film Parameters for Different Lubrication Regimes
(78)
Example 3.1
(79)
Example 3.2
(79)
3.10 Transition Between Lubrication Regimes
(79)
3.11 Closure
(81)
3.12 Problems
(82)
References
(82)
DK1203_ch04
(84)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(84)
Table of Contents
Chapter 4: Lubricant Properties
(84)
4.1 Introduction
(84)
4.2 Basic Chemistry
(85)
4.2.1 Hydrocarbons
(85)
4.2.2 Alcohols
(87)
4.2.3 Fatty Acids
(88)
4.2.4 Cyclic Hydrocarbons
(89)
4.3 Petroleum or Mineral Oil Base Stocks
(91)
4.4 Synthetic Oil Base Stocks
(92)
4.4.1 Synthetic Hydrocarbons
(92)
4.4.2 Organic Esters
(94)
4.4.3 Polyglycols
(95)
4.4.4 Phosphate Esters
(95)
4.4.5 Silicon-Containing Compounds
(95)
Silicate Esters
(96)
Silicones
(96)
Silanes
(96)
4.4.6 Halogen-Containing Compounds
(96)
4.4.7 Halogenated Polyaryls
(97)
4.4.8 Fluorocarbons
(97)
4.4.9 PerHuoropolyglycols
(97)
4.5 Grease Base Stocks
(97)
4.5.1 Thickeners
(98)
Water-Stabilized Calcium Soap (Cup-Type Thickener)
(98)
Anhydrous-Calcium Soap
(98)
Sodium Soap
(99)
Lithium Soap
(99)
Complex Soaps
(99)
Poiyureas
(99)
Clay Thickeners
(100)
4.5.2 Lubricating Oil
(100)
4.6 Gases
(101)
4.7 Emulsions
(103)
4.8 Lubricant Additives
(105)
4.9 Newtonian Fluids
(106)
4.10 Newton's Postulate
(107)
4.11 Units of Absolute Viscosity
(108)
Example 4.1
(108)
Example 4.2
(109)
4.12 Kinematic Viscosity
(109)
4.13 Viscosity Grade System
(110)
4.14 Viscosity-Pressure Effects
(112)
Example 4.3
(117)
Example 4.4
(117)
4.15 Viscosity- Temperature Effects
(118)
Example 4.5
(120)
4.16 Viscosity-Pressure-Temperature Effects
(120)
4.17 Viscosity-Shear Rate Effects
(122)
4.18 Viscosity Index
(123)
Example 4.6
(126)
4.19 Oxidation Stability
(126)
4.20 Pour Point
(127)
4.21 Density
(127)
4.22 Limiting Shear Stress
(131)
4.23 Fluid Rheology Models
(134)
4.24 Formulation of Fluid Rheology Models
(136)
4.25 Closure
(139)
4.26 Problems
(140)
References
(141)
DK1203_ch05
(144)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(144)
Table of Contents
Chapter 5: Bearing Materials
(144)
5.1 Introduction
(144)
5.2 Material Characteristics
(144)
5.3 Metallics
(146)
5.3.1 Tin- and Lead-Base Alloys
(146)
5.3.2 Copper-Lead Alloys
(150)
5.3.3 Bronzes
(150)
5.4 Nonmetallics
(150)
5.4.1 Carbon Graphites
(152)
5.4.2 Phenolics
(153)
5.4.3 Nylon
(155)
5.4.4 Teflon
(155)
5.5 Form of Bearing Surfaces
(155)
5.6 Materials and Manufacturing Processes Used for Rolling-Element Bearings
(156)
5.6.1 Ferrous Alloys
(157)
5.6.2 Ceramics
(160)
5.7 Properties of Common Bearing Materials
(160)
5.7.1 Density
(161)
5.7.2 Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio
(163)
5.7.3 Linear Thermal Expansion CoefHcient
(164)
5.7.4 Thermal Conductivity
(164)
5.7.5 Specific Heat Capacity
(168)
5.8 Closure
(173)
5.9 Problem
(174)
References
(174)
DK1203_ch06
(176)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(176)
Table of Contents
Chapter 6: Viscous Flow
(176)
6.1 Introduction
(177)
6.2 Petrov's Equation
(177)
6.3 Navier-Stokes Equations
(179)
6.3.1 Surface Forces
(179)
6.3.2 Body Forces
(181)
6.3.3 Inertia Forces
(182)
6.3.4 Equilibrium
(182)
6.3.5 Standard Forms
(183)
Cartesian Coordinates
(183)
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
(184)
Spherical Polar Coordinates
(184)
Cartesian Coordinates - Turbulent Ftow
(185)
6.4 Continuity Equation
(186)
6.5 Flow Between Parallel Flat Plates
(188)
6.6 Flow in a Circular Pipe
(190)
6.7 Flow Down a Vertical Plane
(192)
6.8 Viscometers
(193)
6.8.1 Capillary Viscometers
(193)
6.8.2 Rotational Viscometers
(195)
Rotational Cylindrical Viscometer
(195)
Cone-and-Plane Viscometer
(196)
6.8.3 Falling-Sphere Viscometer
(196)
6.9 Closure
(198)
6.10 Problems
(199)
References
(201)
DK1203_ch07
(202)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(202)
Table of Contents
Chapter 7: Reynolds Equation
(202)
7.1 Introduction
(203)
7.2 Dimensionless Numbers
(203)
7.2.1 Reynolds Number
(204)
Example 7.1: Typical Journal Bearing
(205)
Example 7.2: Typical Thrust Bearing Pad
(205)
7.2.2 Taylor Number
(206)
7.2.3 Froude Number
(207)
7.2.4 Euler Number
(208)
7.3 Reynolds Equation Derived
(209)
7.3.1 From Navier-Stokes and Continuity Equations
(209)
Example 7.3
(212)
7.3.2 From Laws of Viscous Flow and Principle of Mass Conservation
(213)
7.4 Physical Significance of Terms in Reynolds Equation
(214)
7.4.1 Density Wedge Term
(216)
7.4.2 Stretch Term
(217)
7.4.3 Physical Wedge Term
(217)
7.4.4 Normal Squeeze Term
(218)
7.4.5 Translation Squeeze Term
(218)
7.4.6 Local Expansion Term
(219)
7.5 Standard Reduced Forms of Reynolds Equation
(219)
7.6 Different Normal Squeeze and Sliding Motions
(222)
7.7 Closure
(225)
7.8 Problems
(225)
References
(228)
DK1203_ch08
(229)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(229)
Table of Contents
Chapter 8: Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings - Analytical Solutions
(229)
8.1 Introduction
(230)
8.2 Mechanism of Pressure Development
(230)
8.3 General Thrust Bearing Theory
(233)
8.4 Parallel-Surface Sliding Bearing
(237)
8.5 Fixed-Incline Slider Bearing
(238)
8.5.1 Pressure Distribution
(238)
8.5.2 Normal Load Component
(241)
8.5.3 Tangential Force Components
(241)
8.5.4 Shear Force Components
(242)
8.5.5 Friction CoefHcient
(243)
8.5.6 Volume Flow Rate
(244)
8.5.7 Power Loss and Temperature Rise
(244)
8.5.8 Center of Pressure
(245)
8.5.9 Velocity Profile and Stream Function
(246)
8.6 Parallel-Step Slider Bearing
(249)
8.6.1 Pressure Distribution
(251)
8.6.2 Normal and Tangential Load Components
(253)
8.6.3 Friction Coefficient and Volume Flow Rate
(255)
8.6.4 Power Loss, Temperature Rise, and Center of Pressure
(255)
8.7 Closure
(256)
8.8 Problems
(257)
Reference
(260)
DK1203_ch09
(261)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(261)
Table of Contents
Chapter 9: Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings - Numerical Solutions
(261)
9.1 Introduction
(262)
9.2 Finite-Width, Parallel-Step-Pad Slider Bearing
(262)
9.2.1 Pressure Distribution
(263)
9.2.2 Normal Load Component
(266)
9.2.3 Results
(269)
9.3 Fixed-Incline-Pad Slider Bearing
(270)
Example 9.1
(273)
9.4 Pivoted-Pad Slider Bearing
(278)
Example 9.2
(283)
9.5 Thrust Bearing Geometry
(284)
9.6 Closure
(285)
9.7 Problems
(285)
References
(287)
DK1203_ch10
(288)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(288)
Table of Contents
Chapter 10: Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings - Analytical Solutions
(288)
10.1 Introduction
(289)
10.2 Infinitely-Wide-Journal-Bearing Solution
(290)
10.2.1 Full Sommerfeld Solution
(292)
10.2.2 Half Sommerfeld Solution
(297)
10.2.3 Reynolds Boundary Conditions
(299)
10.3 Short-Width-Journal-Bearing Theory
(299)
10.4 Closure
(304)
10.5 Problems
(305)
References
(305)
DK1203_ch11
(306)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(306)
Table of Contents
Chapter 11: Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings - Numerical Solutions
(306)
11.1 Introduction
(307)
11.2 Operating and Performance Parameters
(307)
11.3 Design Procedure
(309)
Example 11.1
(314)
11.4 Optimization Techniques
(316)
11.5 Dynamic Effects
(317)
11.6 Nonplain Configurations
(318)
11.7 Closure
(320)
11.8 Problems
(321)
References
(322)
DK1203_ch12
(323)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(323)
Table of Contents
Chapter 12: Hydrodynamic Squeeze Film Bearings
(323)
12.1 Introduction
(324)
12.2 Parallel-Surface Bearing of Infinite Width
(324)
Example 12.1
(328)
Example 12.2
(328)
12.3 Journal Bearing
(330)
Example 12.3
(332)
12.4 Parallel Circular Plate
(332)
12.5 Infinitely Long Cylinder Near a Plane
(334)
12.6 Closure
(336)
12.7 Problems
(336)
DK1203_ch13
(339)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(339)
Table of Contents
Chapter 13: Hydrostatic Lubrication
(339)
13.1 Introduction
(340)
13.2 Formation of Fluid Film
(340)
13.3 Pressure Distribution and Flow
(341)
13.4 Normal Load Component
(343)
13.5 Frictional Torque and Power Loss
(344)
Example 13.1
(346)
Example 13.2
(347)
13.6 Pad CoefRcients
(349)
13.6.1 Circular Step Bearing Pad
(349)
13.6.2 Annular Thrust Bearing
(351)
13.6.3 Rectangular Sectors
(351)
13.7 Compensating Elements
(353)
13.7.1 Capillary Compensation
(354)
13.7.2 Orifice Compensation
(355)
13.7.3 Constant-Flow-Valve Compensation
(356)
13.8 Closure
(357)
13.9 Problems
(358)
Reference
(361)
DK1203_ch14
(362)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(362)
Table of Contents
Chapter 14: Gas-Lubricated Thrust Bearings
(362)
14.1 Introduction
(363)
14.2 Reynolds Equation
(364)
14.2.1 Limiting Solutions
(366)
14.2.2 Slip Flow
(368)
14.3 Parallel-Surface Bearing
(369)
14.3.1 Low-Bearing-Number Results
(369)
14.3.2 High-Bearing-Number Results
(370)
14.3.3 Intermediate-Bearing-Number Results
(370)
14.4 Parallel-Step Bearing
(371)
14.4.1 Pressure Distribution
(371)
14.4.2 Normal Load Component and Stiffness
(375)
14.4.3 Optimizing Procedure
(376)
14.4.4 Step Sector Thrust Bearing
(376)
14.4.5 Results
(377)
14.5 Spiral-Groove Bearing
(379)
14.6 Closure
(381)
14.7 Problems
(383)
References
(384)
DK1203_ch15
(385)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(385)
Table of Contents
Chapter 15: Gas-Lubricated Journal Bearings
(385)
15.1 Introduction
(386)
15.2 Reynolds Equation
(386)
15.3 Limiting Solutions
(387)
15.3.1 Low Bearing Numbers
(387)
15.3.2 High Bearing Numbers
(388)
15.4 Pressure Perturbation Solution
(390)
Example 15.1
(391)
15.5 Linearized ph Solution
(393)
Example 15.2
(394)
15.6 Nonplain Journal Bearings
(396)
15.6.1 Pivoted-Pad Journal Bearings
(396)
15.6.2 Herringbone-Groove Journal Bearings
(398)
15.7 Foil Bearings
(402)
15.8 Closure
(407)
15.9 Problems
(408)
References
(408)
DK1203_ch16
(410)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(410)
Table of Contents
Chapter 16: Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Nonconformal Surfaces
(410)
16.1 Introduction
(411)
16.2 Infinitely-Wide-Rigid-Cylinder Solution
(411)
16.2.1 Pressure Distribution
(413)
16.2.2 Load Components
(414)
16.3 Short-Width-Rigid-Cylinder Solution
(416)
16.3.1 Pressure Distribution
(416)
16.3.2 Load Components
(417)
16.4 Exact Rigid-Cylinder Solution
(417)
16.4.1 Pressure Distribution
(417)
16.4.2 Load Components
(419)
Example 16.1
(419)
16.5 General Rigid-Body Solution
(421)
16.5.1 Film Shape
(421)
16.5.2 Pressure Distribution
(424)
16.5.3 Normal Load Component
(426)
16.5.4 Film Thickness Formulas
(427)
16.6 Starvation EfTects
(429)
16.6.1 Film Thickness Formulas
(429)
16.6.2 Pressure Distribution
(431)
16.6.3 Fully Flooded-Starved Boundary
(433)
16.7 Combined Squeeze and Entraining Motion
(434)
16.7.1 Pressure Distribution and Load
(434)
16.7.2 Results and Discussion
(436)
16.8 Closure
(440)
16.9 Problems
(442)
References
(444)
DK1203_ch17
(446)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(446)
Table of Contents
Chapter 17: Simplified Solutions for Stresses and Deformations
(446)
17.1 Introduction
(447)
17.2 Curvature Sum and Difference
(447)
17.3 Surface Stresses and Deformations
(450)
17.4 Subsurface Stresses
(453)
17.5 Simplified Solutions
(454)
Example 17.1
(459)
Example 17.2
(461)
17.6 Rectangular Conjunctions
(462)
Example 17.3
(463)
17.7 Closure
(464)
17.8 Problems
(464)
References
(465)
DK1203_ch18
(466)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(466)
Table of Contents
Chapter 18: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Rectangular Conjunctions
(466)
18.1 Introduction
(467)
18.2 Incompressible Solution
(468)
18.3 Elastic Deformation
(471)
18.4 Compressible Solution
(475)
18.5 Flow, Loads, and Center of Pressure
(478)
18.5.1 Mass Flow Rate per Unit Width
(478)
18.5.2 Tangential Load Components
(478)
18.5.3 Shear Forces
(480)
18.5.4 Center of Pressure
(480)
18.6 Pressure Spike Results
(481)
18.6.1 Isoviscous and Viscous Results
(481)
18.6.2 Details of Pressure Spike and Film Shape
(483)
18.6.3 Compressible and Incompressible Results
(485)
18.7 Useful Formulas
(486)
18.7.1 Pressure Spike Amplitude
(487)
Load Effects
(488)
Speed Effects
(489)
Materials Effects
(491)
18.7.2 Pressure Spike Location
(491)
18.7.3 Minimum and Central Film Thicknesses
(493)
18.7.4 Location of Minimum Film Thickness
(497)
18.7.5 Center of Pressure
(497)
18.7.6 Mass Flow Rate
(500)
18.8 Closure
(500)
18.9 Problem
(502)
References
(503)
DK1203_ch19
(504)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(504)
Table of Contents
Chapter 19: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Elliptical Conjunctions
(504)
19.1 Introduction
(505)
19.2 Relevant Equations
(505)
19.3 Dimensionless Groupings
(509)
19.4 Hard-EHL Results
(511)
19.5 Comparison Between Theoretical and Experimental Film Thicknesses
(515)
19.6 Soft-EHL Results
(521)
19.7 Starvation Results
(523)
19.7.1 Fully Flooded/Starved Boundary
(524)
19.7.2 Hard-EHL Results
(524)
19.7.3 Soft-EHL Results
(528)
19.8 Closure
(533)
19.9 Problem
(536)
References
(536)
DK1203_ch20
(539)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(539)
Table of Contents
Chapter 20: Film Thicknesses for Different Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication
(539)
20.1 Introduction
(540)
20.2 Dimensionless Grouping
(541)
20.3 Isoviscous-Rigid Regime
(542)
20.4 Viscous-Rigid Regime
(543)
20.5 Isoviscous-Elastic Regime
(544)
20.6 Viscous-Elastic Regime
(545)
20.7 Procedure for Mapping the Different Lubrication Regimes
(546)
20.8 Thermal Correction Factor
(550)
20.9 Surface Roughness Correction Factor
(552)
20.10 Closure
(558)
20.11 Problem
(559)
References
(559)
DK1203_ch21
(562)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(562)
Table of Contents
Chapter 21: Rolling Element Bearings
(562)
21.1 Introduction
(563)
21.2 Historical Overview
(564)
21.3 Bearing Types
(565)
21.3.1 Ball Bearings
(565)
21.3.2 Roller Bearings
(570)
21.4 Geometry
(572)
21.4.1 Geometry of Ball Bearings
(574)
Pitch Diameter and Clearance
(574)
Race Conformity
(575)
Contact Angle
(575)
Endptay
(577)
Shoulder Height
(578)
Curvature Sum and Difference
(578)
21.4.2 Geometry of Roller Bearings
(580)
Crowning
(580)
Race Conformity
(581)
Free Endplay and Contact Angle
(581)
Curvature Sum and Difference
(582)
21.5 Kinematics
(584)
21.6 Separators
(587)
21.7 Static Load Distribution
(588)
21.7.1 Load Deflection Relationships
(588)
21.7.2 Radially Loaded Ball and Roller Bearings
(589)
21.7.3 Thrust-Loaded Ball Bearing
(592)
21.7.4 Preloading
(595)
21.8 Rolling Friction and Friction Losses
(596)
21.8.1 Rolling Friction
(596)
21.8.2 Friction Losses
(599)
21.9 Lubrication Systems
(600)
21.9.1 Solid Lubrication
(601)
21.9.2 Liquid Lubrication
(601)
Greases
(601)
Nonrecircutating Liquid Lubrication Systems
(602)
Jet Lubrication
(602)
Underrace Lubrication
(603)
21.10 Fatigue Life
(605)
21.10.1 Contact Fatigue Theory
(605)
21.10.2 WeibuH Distribution
(606)
21.10.3 Lundberg-Palmgren Theory
(608)
21.10.4 AFBMA Methods
(612)
21.10.5 Life Adjustment Factors
(612)
Materials Factors D and E
(612)
Lubrication Factor Fe
(613)
21.11 Dynamic Analyses and Computer Codes
(615)
21.11.1 Quasi-Static Analyses
(615)
21.11.2 Dynamic Analyses
(616)
21.12 loannides-Harris Theory
(617)
21.13 Applications
(617)
21.13.1 Cylindrical Roller Bearing Example
(617)
21.13.2 Radial Ball Bearing Example
(622)
21.14 Closure
(627)
21.15 Problems
(627)
References
(629)
DK1203_ch22
(634)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(634)
Table of Contents
Chapter 22: Additional Lubrication Applications
(634)
22.1 Introduction
(635)
22.2 Involute Gears
(635)
22.3 Continuously Variable-Speed Drives
(638)
22.3.1 Elasticity Calculations
(640)
22.3.2 Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness Calculations
(642)
22.4 Railway Wheels Rolling on Wet or Oily Rails
(644)
22.4.1 Initial Calculation
(645)
22.4.2 Water
(646)
22.4.3 Oil
(647)
22.5 Synovial Joints
(649)
22.5.1 Natural Joints
(649)
22.5.2 Artificial Joints
(653)
Head Size for Hip Replacements
(654)
Tribopairs and Their Effect on Lubrication Regime
(656)
22.6 Closure
(659)
22.7 Problems
(660)
References
(662)
DK1203_ch23
(665)
Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication
(665)
Table of Contents
Chapter 23: Thermohydrodynamic and Thermoelastohydrodynamic Lubrication
(665)
23.1 Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication
(666)
23.1.1 Introduction
(666)
23.1.2 Thermal Resistances
(667)
23.1.3 Thermal Loading Parameters and Their Relative Importance
(668)
23.1.4 Thermal Hydrodynamic Lubrication Regimes
(671)
23.2 Thermoelastohydrodynamic Lubrication
(672)
23.2.1 Introduction
(672)
23.2.2 Theoretical and Numerical Schemes
(674)
23.2.3 Outline of Approach
(675)
23.2.4 Results and Discussion
(676)
23.3 Closure
(687)
23.4 Problems
(690)
References
(691)
