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Power system state estimation: theory and implementation
Abur, Ali,
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Power system state estimation: theory and implementation
Author :
Abur, Ali,
Publisher :
Marcel Dekker,
Pub. Year :
2004
Subjects :
Electric power systems -- State estimation.
Call Number :
TK 1005 .A264 2004
جستجو در محتوا
ترتيب
شماره صفحه
امتياز صفحه
فهرست مطالب
dke507_fm.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory And Implementation
(1)
Power Engineering
(3)
Dedication
(5)
Foreword
(6)
Preface
(8)
Contents
(10)
DKE507_CH01.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(16)
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
(16)
1.1 Operating States of a Power System
(16)
1.2 Power System Security Analysis
(17)
1.3 State Estimation
(20)
1.4 Summary
(21)
References
(22)
DKE507_CH02.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(24)
Contents
Chapter 2: Weighted Least Squares State Estimation
(24)
2.1 Introduction
(24)
2.2 Component Modeling and Assumptions
(25)
2.2.1 Transmission Lines
(25)
2.2.2 Shunt Capacitors or Reactors
(25)
2.2.3 Tap Changing and Phase Shifting Transformers
(25)
2.2.4 Loads and Generators
(27)
2.3 Building the Network Model
(27)
2.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
(30)
2.4.1 Gaussian (Normal) probability density function
(30)
2.4.2 The likelihood function
(32)
2.5 Measurement Model and Assumptions
(33)
2.6 WLS State Estimation Algorithm
(35)
2.6.1 The Measurement Function, h(xk)
(36)
2.6.2 The Measurement Jacobian, H
(38)
2.6.3 The Gain Matrix, G
(40)
2.6.4 Cholesky Decomposition of G
(42)
2.6.5 Performing the Forward/Back Substitutions
(42)
2.7 Decoupled Formulation of the
(44)
2.8 DC State Estimation Model
(48)
2.9 Problems
(48)
References
(51)
DKE507_CH03.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(52)
Contents
Chapter 3: Alternative Formulations of the WLS State Estimation
(52)
3.1 Weaknesses of the Normal Equations Formulation
(52)
3.2 Orthogonal Factorization
(57)
3.3 Hybrid Method
(58)
3.4 Method of Peters and Wilkinson
(60)
3.5 Equality- Constrained WLS State Estimation
(61)
3.6 Augmented Matrix Approach
(63)
3.7 Blocked Formulation
(65)
3.8 Comparison of Techniques
(69)
3.9 Problems
(71)
References
(72)
DKE507_CH04.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(74)
Contents
Chapter 4: Network Observability Analysis
(74)
4.1 Networks and Graphs
(75)
4.1.1 Graphs
(75)
4.1.2 Networks
(76)
4.2 Network Matrices
(76)
4.2.1 Branch to Bus Incidence Matrix
(77)
4.2.2 Fundamental Loop to Branch Incidence Matrix
(78)
4.3 Loop Equations
(80)
4.4 Methods of Observability Analysis
(81)
4.5 Numerical Method Based on the Branch Variable Formulation
(82)
4.5.1 New Branch Variables
(82)
4.5.2 Measurement Equations
(83)
4.5.3 Linearized Measurement Model
(85)
4.5.4 Observability Analysis
(87)
4.6 Numerical Method Based on the Nodal Variable Formulation
(91)
4.6.1 Determining the Unobservable Branches
(94)
4.6.2 Identification of Observable Islands
(96)
4.6.3 Measurement Placement to Restore Observability
(99)
4.7 Topological Observability Analysis Method
(104)
4.7.1 Topological Observability Algorithm
(104)
4.7.2 Identifying the Observable Islands
(105)
4.8 Determination of Critical Measurements
(105)
4.9 Measurement Design
(108)
4.10 Summary
(108)
4.11 Problems
(108)
References
(112)
DKE507_CH05.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(114)
Contents
Chapter 5: Bad Data Detection and Identification
(114)
5.1 Properties of Measurement Residuals
(116)
5.2 Classification of Measurements
(119)
5.3 Bad Data Detection and IdentiRability
(119)
5.4 Bad Data Detection
(120)
5.4.1 Chi-squares x^ Distribution
(120)
5.4.2 Use of Y^ Distribution for Bad Data Detection
(121)
5.4.3 x2-Test for Detecting Bad Data in WLS State Estimation
(123)
5.4.4 Use of Normalized Residuals for Bad Data Detection
(125)
5.5 Properties of Normalized Residuals
(126)
5.6 Bad Data Identification
(126)
5.7 Largest Normalized Residual (rNMax ) Test
(126)
5.7.1 Computational Issues
(128)
5.7.2 Strengths and Limitations of the rNMax Test
(130)
5.8 Hypothesis Testing Identification ( HTI)
(131)
5.8.1 Statistical Properties of es
(133)
5.8.2 Hypothesis Testing
(134)
5.8.3 Decision Rules
(135)
5.8.4 HTI Strategy Under Fixed b
(137)
5.9 Summary
(137)
5.10 Problems
(138)
References
(140)
DKE507_CH06.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(142)
Contents
Chapter 6: Robust State Estimation
(142)
6.1 Introduction
(142)
6.2 Robustness and Breakdown Points
(143)
6.3 Outliers and Leverage Points
(144)
6.3.1 Concept of Leverage Points
(145)
6.3.2 Identification of Leverage Measurements
(146)
6.4 M-Estimators
(150)
6.4.1 Estimation by Newton's Method
(152)
6.4.2 Iteratively Re-weighted Least Squares Estimation
(154)
6.5 Least Absolute Value (LAV) Estimation
(155)
6.5.1 Linear Regression
(156)
6.5.2 LAV Estimation as an LP Problem
(156)
6.5.3 Simplex Based Algorithm
(160)
6.5.4 Interior Point Algorithm
(165)
6.6 Discussion
(168)
6.7 Problems
(168)
References
(169)
DKE507_CH07.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(172)
Contents
Chapter 7: Network Parameter Estimation
(172)
7.1 Introduction
(172)
7.2 Influence of parameter errors on state estimation results
(173)
7.3 Identification of suspicious parameters
(178)
7.4 Classification of parameter estimation methods
(179)
7.5 Parameter estimation based on residual sensitivity analysis
(180)
7.6 Parameter estimation based on state vector augmentation
(182)
7.6.1 Solution using conventional normal equations
(185)
7.6.2 Solution based on Kalman filter theory
(187)
7.7 Parameter estimation based on historical series of data
(188)
7.8 Transformer tap estimation
(194)
7.9 Observability of network parameters
(202)
7.10 Discussion
(203)
7.11 Problems
(204)
References
(205)
DKE507_CH08.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(209)
Contents
Chapter 8: Topology Error Processing
(209)
8.1 Introduction
(209)
8.2 Types of topology errors
(211)
8.3 Detection of topology errors
(211)
8.4 Classification of methods for topology error analysis
(215)
8.5 Preliminary topology validation
(217)
8.6 Branch status errors
(218)
8.6.1 Residual analysis
(219)
8.6.2 State vector augmentation
(223)
8.7 Substation configuration errors
(227)
8.7.1 Inclusion of circuit breakers in the network model
(228)
8.7.2 WLAV estimator
(232)
8.7.3 WLS estimator
(235)
8.8 Substation graph and reduced model
(239)
8.9 Implicit substation model: state and status estimation
(242)
8.10 Observability analysis revisited
(251)
8.11 Problems
(254)
References
(256)
DKE507_appa.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(259)
Contents
Appendix A: Review of Basic Statistics
(259)
A.1 Random Variables
(259)
A.2 The Distribution Function ( d. f.), F( x)
(259)
A.3 The Probability Density Function ( p. d. f),
(260)
A.4 Continuous Joint Distributions
(260)
A.5 Independent Random Variables
(261)
A.6 Conditional Distributions
(261)
A.7 Expected Value
(261)
A.8 Variance
(262)
A.9 Median
(262)
A.10 Mean Squared Error
(262)
A.11 Mean Absolute Error
(263)
A.12 Covariance
(263)
A.13 Normal Distribution
(264)
A 14 Standard Normal Distribution
(265)
A.15 Properties of Normally Distributed Random Variables
(267)
A.16 Distribution of Sample Mean
(268)
A.17 Likelihood Function and Maximum Likelihood Estimator
(269)
A.17.1 Properties of MLE's
(269)
A. 18 Central Limit Theorem for the Sample Mean
(270)
DKE507_appb.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(271)
Contents
Appendix B: Review of Sparse Linear Equation Solution
(271)
B.1 Solution by Direct Methods
(273)
B.2 Elementary Matrices
(274)
B.3 LU Factorization Using Elementary Matrices
(275)
B.3.1 Crout's Algorithm
(275)
B.3.2 Doolittle's Algorithm
(277)
B.3.3 Factorization of Sparse Symmetric Matrices
(278)
B.3.4 Ordering Sparse Symmetric Matrices
(279)
B.4 Factorization Path Graph
(280)
B.5 Sparse Forward/ Back Substitutions
(281)
B.6 Solution of Modified Equations
(283)
B.6.1 Partial Refactorization
(285)
B.6.2 Compensation
(287)
B.7 Sparse Inverse
(289)
B.8 Orthogonal Factorization
(291)
B.9 Storage and Retrieval of Sparse Matrix Elements
(294)
B.10 Inserting and/or Deleting Elements in a Linked List
(296)
B.10.1 Adding a nonzero element
(296)
B.10.2 Deleting a nonzero element
(297)
References
(298)
DKE507_CH09.pdf
Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation
(300)
Contents
Chapter 9: State Estimation Using Ampere Measurements
(300)
9.1 Introduction
(300)
9.2 Modeling of Ampere Measurements
(302)
9.3 Difficulties in Using Ampere Measurements
(307)
9.4 Inequality- Constrained State Estimation
(310)
9.5 Heuristic Determination of , P-0 Solution Uniqueness
(316)
9.6 Algorithmic Determination of Solution Uniqueness
(319)
9.6.1 Procedure based on the residual covariance matrix
(320)
9.6.2 Procedure based on the Jacobian matrix
(323)
9.7 Identification of Nonuniquely Observable Branches
(325)
9.8 Measurement Classification and Bad Data Identification
(329)
9.8.1 LS Estimation
(330)
9.8.2 LAV Estimation
(332)
9.9 Problems
(334)
References
(335)
