• Cover Page (1)
• Book Info (2)
• Table of Contents (3)
• Part 1 - Mechanics (10)
• 1 Physics and Measurement (11)
  • 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time (13)
  • 1.2 Matter and Model Building (16)
  • 1.3 Density and Atomic Mass (18)
  • 1.4 Dimensional Analysis (19)
  • 1.5 Conversion of Units (21)
  • 1.6 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations (22)
  • 1.7 Significant Figures (24)
  • SUMMARY (25)
  • QUESTIONS (26)
  • PROBLEMS (26)
• 2 Motion in One Dimension (32)
  • 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed (33)
  • 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed (37)
  • 2.3 Acceleration (40)
  • 2.4 Motion Diagrams (43)
  • 2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (45)
  • 2.6 Freely Falling Objects (49)
  • 2.7 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus (53)
  • GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY (56)
  • SUMMARY (57)
  • QUESTIONS (58)
  • PROBLEMS (58)
• 3 Vectors (67)
  • 3.1 Coordinate Systems (68)
  • 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities (69)
  • 3.3 Some Properties of Vectors (70)
  • 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors (74)
  • SUMMARY (79)
  • QUESTIONS (79)
  • PROBLEMS (80)
• 4 Motion in Two Dimensions (86)
  • 4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors (87)
  • 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (89)
  • 4.3 Projectile Motion (92)
  • 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion (100)
  • 4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration (103)
  • 4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration (105)
  • SUMMARY (108)
  • QUESTIONS (109)
  • PROBLEMS (110)
• 5 The Laws of Motion (120)
  • 5.1 The Concept of Force (121)
  • 5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames (123)
  • 5.3 Mass (125)
  • 5.4 Newton’s Second Law (125)
  • 5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight (128)
  • 5.6 Newton’s Third Law (129)
  • 5.7 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws (131)
  • 5.8 Forces of Friction (140)
  • SUMMARY (147)
  • QUESTIONS (147)
  • PROBLEMS (149)
• 6 Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws (159)
  • 6.1 Newton’s Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion (160)
  • 6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion (166)
  • 6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames (168)
  • 6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces (171)
  • 6.5 Numerical Modeling in Particle Dynamics3 (176)
  • SUMMARY (179)
  • QUESTIONS (180)
  • PROBLEMS (181)
• 7 Energy and Energy Transfer (190)
  • 7.1 Systems and Environments (191)
  • 7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force (192)
  • 7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors (195)
  • 7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force (197)
  • 7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem (202)
  • 7.6 The Nonisolated System—Conservation of Energy (205)
  • 7.7 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction (208)
  • 7.8 Power (212)
  • 7.9 Energy and the Automobile (214)
  • SUMMARY (217)
  • QUESTIONS (218)
  • PROBLEMS (218)
• 8 Potential Energy (226)
  • 8.1 Potential Energy of a System (227)
  • 8.2 The Isolated System–Conservation of Mechanical Energy (229)
  • 8.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces (237)
  • 8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces (238)
  • 8.5 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy (243)
  • 8.6 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System (245)
  • SUMMARY (247)
  • QUESTIONS (248)
  • PROBLEMS (249)
• 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions (260)
  • 9.1 Linear Momentum and Its Conservation (261)
  • 9.2 Impulse and Momentum (265)
  • 9.3 Collisions in One Dimension (269)
  • 9.4 Two-Dimensional Collisions (276)
  • 9.5 The Center of Mass (279)
  • 9.6 Motion of a System of Particles (283)
  • 9.7 Rocket Propulsion (286)
  • SUMMARY (289)
  • QUESTIONS (290)
  • PROBLEMS (291)
• 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis (301)
  • 10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration (302)
  • 10.2 Rotational Kinematics: Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration (305)
  • 10.3 Angular and Linear Quantities (306)
  • 10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy (309)
  • 10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia (311)
  • 10.6 Torque (315)
  • 10.7 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration (316)
  • 10.8 Work, Power, and Energy in Rotational Motion (321)
  • 10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object (325)
  • SUMMARY (328)
  • QUESTIONS (330)
  • PROBLEMS (331)
• 11 Angular Momentum (345)
  • 11.1 The Vector Product and Torque (346)
  • 11.2 Angular Momentum (348)
  • 11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object (352)
  • 11.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum (354)
  • 11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops (359)
  • 11.6 Angular Momentum as a Fundamental Quantity (360)
  • SUMMARY (361)
  • QUESTIONS (362)
  • PROBLEMS (363)
• 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity (371)
  • 12.1 The Conditions for Equilibrium (372)
  • 12.2 More on the Center of Gravity (374)
  • 12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium (375)
  • 12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids (382)
  • SUMMARY (386)
  • QUESTIONS (386)
  • PROBLEMS (387)
• 13 Universal Gravitation (398)
  • 13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation (399)
  • 13.2 Measuring the Gravitational Constant (402)
  • 13.3 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force (403)
  • 13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets (405)
  • 13.5 The Gravitational Field (410)
  • 13.6 Gravitational Potential Energy (412)
  • 13.7 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion (414)
  • SUMMARY (419)
  • QUESTIONS (420)
  • PROBLEMS (421)
• 14 Fluid Mechanics (429)
  • 14.1 Pressure (430)
  • 14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth (432)
  • 14.3 Pressure Measurements (435)
  • 14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle (436)
  • 14.5 Fluid Dynamics (440)
  • 14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation (442)
  • 14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics (445)
  • SUMMARY (446)
  • QUESTIONS (447)
  • PROBLEMS (449)
• Part 2 - Oscillations and Mechanical Waves (460)
• 15 Oscillatory Motion (461)
  • 15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring (462)
  • 15.2 Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion (463)
  • 15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator (471)
  • 15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion (474)
  • 15.5 The Pendulum (477)
  • 15.6 Damped Oscillations (480)
  • 15.7 Forced Oscillations (481)
  • SUMMARY (483)
  • QUESTIONS (484)
  • PROBLEMS (485)
• 16 Wave Motion (495)
  • 16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance (496)
  • 16.2 Sinusoidal Waves (500)
  • 16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings (505)
  • 16.4 Reflection and Transmission (508)
  • 16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings (510)
  • 16.6 The Linear Wave Equation (512)
  • SUMMARY (514)
  • QUESTIONS (514)
  • PROBLEMS (515)
• 17 Sound Waves (521)
  • 17.1 Speed of Sound Waves (522)
  • 17.2 Periodic Sound Waves (524)
  • 17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves (525)
  • 17.4 The Doppler Effect (531)
  • 17.5 Digital Sound Recording (537)
  • 17.6 Motion Picture Sound (541)
  • SUMMARY (543)
  • QUESTIONS (543)
  • PROBLEMS (544)
• 18 Superposition and Standing Waves (552)
  • 18.1 Superposition and Interference (553)
  • 18.2 Standing Waves (558)
  • 18.3 Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends (561)
  • 18.4 Resonance (567)
  • 18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns (568)
  • 18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes (572)
  • 18.7 Beats: Interference in Time (573)
  • 18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns (575)
  • SUMMARY (578)
  • QUESTIONS (578)
  • PROBLEMS (579)
• Part 3 - Thermodynamics (588)
• 19 Temperature (589)
  • 19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics (590)
  • 19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale (592)
  • 19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale (593)
  • 19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids (595)
  • 19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas (600)
  • SUMMARY (603)
  • QUESTIONS (604)
  • PROBLEMS (605)
• 20 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics (613)
  • 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy (614)
  • 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry (616)
  • 20.3 Latent Heat (620)
  • 20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes (624)
  • 20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics (627)
  • 20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics (628)
  • 20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms (632)
  • SUMMARY (639)
  • QUESTIONS (640)
  • PROBLEMS (641)
• 21 The Kinetic Theory of Gases (649)
  • 21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas (650)
  • 21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas (655)
  • 21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas (658)
  • 21.4 The Equipartition of Energy (659)
  • 21.5 The Boltzmann Distribution Law (663)
  • 21.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds (664)
  • 21.7 Mean Free Path (667)
  • SUMMARY (668)
  • QUESTIONS (669)
  • PROBLEMS (670)
• 22 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (676)
  • 22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (678)
  • 22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators (680)
  • 22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes (682)
  • 22.4 The Carnot Engine (684)
  • 22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines (688)
  • 22.6 Entropy (692)
  • 22.7 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes (696)
  • 22.8 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale6 (699)
  • SUMMARY (703)
  • QUESTIONS (704)
  • PROBLEMS (705)
• Part 4 - Electricity and Magnetism (714)
• 23 Electric Fields (715)
  • 23.1 Properties of Electric Charges (716)
  • 23.2 Charging Objects By Induction (718)
  • 23.3 Coulomb’s Law (720)
  • 23.4 The Electric Field (724)
  • 23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution (728)
  • 23.6 Electric Field Lines (732)
  • 23.7 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field (734)
  • SUMMARY (737)
  • QUESTIONS (738)
  • PROBLEMS (739)
• 24 Gauss’s Law (748)
  • 24.1 Electric Flux (749)
  • 24.2 Gauss’s Law (752)
  • 24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions (755)
  • 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium (759)
  • 24.5 Formal Derivation of Gauss’s Law (761)
  • SUMMARY (762)
  • QUESTIONS (763)
  • PROBLEMS (764)
• 25 Electric Potential (771)
  • 25.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential (772)
  • 25.2 Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field (774)
  • 25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges (777)
  • 25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential (781)
  • 25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions (783)
  • 25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor (787)
  • 25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment (790)
  • 25.8 Applications of Electrostatics (791)
  • SUMMARY (794)
  • QUESTIONS (795)
  • PROBLEMS (796)
• 26 Capacitance and Dielectrics (804)
  • 26.1 Definition of Capacitance (805)
  • 26.2 Calculating Capacitance (806)
  • 26.3 Combinations of Capacitors (811)
  • 26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor (816)
  • 26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics (819)
  • 26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field (824)
  • 26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics (826)
  • SUMMARY (829)
  • QUESTIONS (830)
  • PROBLEMS (831)
• 27 Current and Resistance (840)
  • 27.1 Electric Current (841)
  • 27.2 Resistance (844)
  • 27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction (850)
  • 27.4 Resistance and Temperature (852)
  • 27.5 Superconductors (853)
  • 27.6 Electrical Power (854)
  • SUMMARY (858)
  • QUESTIONS (860)
  • PROBLEMS (861)
• 28 Direct Current Circuits (867)
  • 28.1 Electromotive Force (868)
  • 28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel (871)
  • 28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules (878)
  • 28.4 RC Circuits (882)
  • 28.5 Electrical Meters (888)
  • 28.6 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety (889)
  • SUMMARY (892)
  • QUESTIONS (893)
  • PROBLEMS (894)
• 29 Magnetic Fields (903)
  • 29.1 Magnetic Fields and Forces (905)
  • 29.2 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor (909)
  • 29.3 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field (913)
  • 29.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field (916)
  • 29.5 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field (919)
  • 29.6 The Hall Effect (923)
  • SUMMARY (925)
  • QUESTIONS (926)
  • PROBLEMS (927)
• 30 Sources of the Magnetic Field (935)
  • 30.1 The Biot–Savart Law (936)
  • 30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors (941)
  • 30.3 Ampère’s Law (942)
  • 30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (947)
  • 30.5 Magnetic Flux (949)
  • 30.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism (950)
  • 30.7 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law (951)
  • 30.8 Magnetism in Matter (953)
  • 30.9 The Magnetic Field of the Earth (962)
  • SUMMARY (964)
  • QUESTIONS (965)
  • PROBLEMS (966)
• 31 Faraday’s Law (976)
  • 31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction (977)
  • 31.2 Motional emf (982)
  • 31.3 Lenz’s Law (986)
  • 31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields (990)
  • 31.5 Generators and Motors (991)
  • 31.6 Eddy Currents (995)
  • 31.7 Maxwell’s Equations (997)
  • SUMMARY (998)
  • QUESTIONS (999)
  • PROBLEMS (1001)
• 32 Inductance (1012)
  • 32.1 Self-Inductance (1013)
  • 32.2 RL Circuits (1015)
  • 32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field (1020)
  • 32.4 Mutual Inductance (1022)
  • 32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit (1024)
  • 32.6 The RLC Circuit (1029)
  • SUMMARY (1031)
  • QUESTIONS (1033)
  • PROBLEMS (1034)
• 33 Alternating Current Circuits (1042)
  • 33.1 AC Sources (1043)
  • 33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit (1043)
  • 33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit (1047)
  • 33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit (1050)
  • 33.5 The RLC Series Circuit (1052)
  • 33.6 Power in an AC Circuit (1056)
  • 33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit (1058)
  • 33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission (1061)
  • 33.9 Rectifiers and Filters (1063)
  • SUMMARY (1065)
  • QUESTIONS (1067)
  • PROBLEMS (1068)
• 34 Electromagnetic Waves (1075)
  • 34.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries (1076)
  • 34.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves (1078)
  • 34.3 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves (1083)
  • 34.4 Momentum and Radiation Pressure (1085)
  • 34.5 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna (1088)
  • 34.6 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves (1089)
  • SUMMARY (1091)
  • QUESTIONS (1092)
  • PROBLEMS (1093)
• Part 5 - Light and Optics (1102)
• 35 The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics (1103)
  • 35.1 The Nature of Light (1104)
  • 35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light (1105)
  • 35.3 The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics (1106)
  • 35.4 Reflection (1107)
  • 35.5 Refraction (1111)
  • 35.6 Huygens’s Principle (1116)
  • 35.7 Dispersion and Prisms (1118)
  • 35.8 Total Internal Reflection (1120)
  • 35.9 Fermat’s Principle (1123)
  • SUMMARY (1124)
  • QUESTIONS (1125)
  • PROBLEMS (1127)
• 36 Image Formation (1135)
  • 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors (1136)
  • 36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors (1140)
  • 36.3 Images Formed by Refraction (1147)
  • 36.4 Thin Lenses (1150)
  • 36.5 Lens Aberrations (1161)
  • 36.6 The Camera (1162)
  • 36.7 The Eye (1164)
  • 36.8 The Simple Magnifier (1168)
  • 36.9 The Compound Microscope (1169)
  • 36.10 The Telescope (1171)
  • SUMMARY (1174)
  • QUESTIONS (1175)
  • PROBLEMS (1177)
• 37 Interference of Light Waves (1185)
  • 37.1 Conditions for Interference (1186)
  • 37.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment (1186)
  • 37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern (1191)
  • 37.4 Phasor Addition of Waves (1193)
  • 37.5 Change of Phase Due to Reflection (1197)
  • 37.6 Interference in Thin Films (1198)
  • 37.7 The Michelson Interferometer (1203)
  • SUMMARY (1205)
  • QUESTIONS (1206)
  • PROBLEMS (1206)
• 38 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization (1214)
  • 38.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns (1215)
  • 38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits (1216)
  • 38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures (1223)
  • 38.4 The Diffraction Grating (1226)
  • 38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals (1233)
  • 38.6 Polarization of Light Waves (1234)
  • SUMMARY (1241)
  • QUESTIONS (1242)
  • PROBLEMS (1243)
• Part 6 - Modern Physics (1252)
• 39 Relativity (1253)
  • 39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity (1255)
  • 39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment (1257)
  • 39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity (1259)
  • 39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity (1260)
  • 39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations (1271)
  • 39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations (1273)
  • 39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton’s Laws (1276)
  • 39.8 Relativistic Energy (1277)
  • 39.9 Mass and Energy (1281)
  • 39.10 The General Theory of Relativity (1282)
  • SUMMARY (1284)
  • QUESTIONS (1285)
  • PROBLEMS (1286)
• Appendix A • Tables (1293)
  • A.1 Conversion Factors (1293)
  • A.2 Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities (1294)
  • A.3 Table of Atomic Masses (1296)
• Appendix B • Mathematics Review (1306)
  • B.1 Scientific Notation (1306)
  • B.2 Algebra (1307)
  • B.3 Geometry (1312)
  • B.4 Trigonometry (1313)
  • B.5 Series Expansions (1315)
  • B.6 Differential Calculus (1315)
  • B.7 Integral Calculus (1317)
  • B.8 Propagation of Uncertainty (1320)
• Appendix C • Periodic Table of the Elements (1322)
• Appendix D • SI Units (1324)
• Appendix E • Nobel Prizes (1325)
• Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems (1329)
• Credits (1353)
• Index (1356)
  • A (1356)
  • B (1357)
  • C (1357)
  • D (1359)
  • E (1360)
  • F (1362)
  • G (1363)
  • H (1364)
  • I (1364)
  • J,K,L (1366)
  • M (1367)
  • N (1369)
  • O,P (1370)
  • Q,R (1372)
  • S (1373)
  • T (1375)
  • U,V (1376)
  • W,X,Y,Z (1377)
• Some Physical Constants (1378)
• Solar System Data (1379)
• Physical Data Often Used (1379)
• Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten (1379)
• Standard Abbreviations and Symbols for Units (1380)
• Mathematical Symbols Used in the Text and Their Meaning (1380)
• Conversions (1381)
• The Greek Alphabet (1381)
• Pedagogical Color Chart (1382)