• Cover Page
• Book Info
• Table of Contents
• Part 1 - Mechanics
• 1 Physics and Measurement
  • 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
  • 1.2 Matter and Model Building
  • 1.3 Density and Atomic Mass
  • 1.4 Dimensional Analysis
  • 1.5 Conversion of Units
  • 1.6 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
  • 1.7 Significant Figures
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 2 Motion in One Dimension
  • 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
  • 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
  • 2.3 Acceleration
  • 2.4 Motion Diagrams
  • 2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
  • 2.6 Freely Falling Objects
  • 2.7 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
  • GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 3 Vectors
  • 3.1 Coordinate Systems
  • 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities
  • 3.3 Some Properties of Vectors
  • 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 4 Motion in Two Dimensions
  • 4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
  • 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
  • 4.3 Projectile Motion
  • 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
  • 4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
  • 4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 5 The Laws of Motion
  • 5.1 The Concept of Force
  • 5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
  • 5.3 Mass
  • 5.4 Newton’s Second Law
  • 5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight
  • 5.6 Newton’s Third Law
  • 5.7 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws
  • 5.8 Forces of Friction
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 6 Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws
  • 6.1 Newton’s Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion
  • 6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion
  • 6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames
  • 6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
  • 6.5 Numerical Modeling in Particle Dynamics3
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 7 Energy and Energy Transfer
  • 7.1 Systems and Environments
  • 7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
  • 7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
  • 7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force
  • 7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
  • 7.6 The Nonisolated System—Conservation of Energy
  • 7.7 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
  • 7.8 Power
  • 7.9 Energy and the Automobile
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 8 Potential Energy
  • 8.1 Potential Energy of a System
  • 8.2 The Isolated System–Conservation of Mechanical Energy
  • 8.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
  • 8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
  • 8.5 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
  • 8.6 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions
  • 9.1 Linear Momentum and Its Conservation
  • 9.2 Impulse and Momentum
  • 9.3 Collisions in One Dimension
  • 9.4 Two-Dimensional Collisions
  • 9.5 The Center of Mass
  • 9.6 Motion of a System of Particles
  • 9.7 Rocket Propulsion
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis
  • 10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
  • 10.2 Rotational Kinematics: Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration
  • 10.3 Angular and Linear Quantities
  • 10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy
  • 10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia
  • 10.6 Torque
  • 10.7 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration
  • 10.8 Work, Power, and Energy in Rotational Motion
  • 10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 11 Angular Momentum
  • 11.1 The Vector Product and Torque
  • 11.2 Angular Momentum
  • 11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object
  • 11.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum
  • 11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops
  • 11.6 Angular Momentum as a Fundamental Quantity
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
  • 12.1 The Conditions for Equilibrium
  • 12.2 More on the Center of Gravity
  • 12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium
  • 12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 13 Universal Gravitation
  • 13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
  • 13.2 Measuring the Gravitational Constant
  • 13.3 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force
  • 13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets
  • 13.5 The Gravitational Field
  • 13.6 Gravitational Potential Energy
  • 13.7 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 14 Fluid Mechanics
  • 14.1 Pressure
  • 14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth
  • 14.3 Pressure Measurements
  • 14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
  • 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
  • 14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation
  • 14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• Part 2 - Oscillations and Mechanical Waves
• 15 Oscillatory Motion
  • 15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
  • 15.2 Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion
  • 15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
  • 15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion
  • 15.5 The Pendulum
  • 15.6 Damped Oscillations
  • 15.7 Forced Oscillations
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 16 Wave Motion
  • 16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance
  • 16.2 Sinusoidal Waves
  • 16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings
  • 16.4 Reflection and Transmission
  • 16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings
  • 16.6 The Linear Wave Equation
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 17 Sound Waves
  • 17.1 Speed of Sound Waves
  • 17.2 Periodic Sound Waves
  • 17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves
  • 17.4 The Doppler Effect
  • 17.5 Digital Sound Recording
  • 17.6 Motion Picture Sound
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 18 Superposition and Standing Waves
  • 18.1 Superposition and Interference
  • 18.2 Standing Waves
  • 18.3 Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends
  • 18.4 Resonance
  • 18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns
  • 18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes
  • 18.7 Beats: Interference in Time
  • 18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• Part 3 - Thermodynamics
• 19 Temperature
  • 19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
  • 19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale
  • 19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale
  • 19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
  • 19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 20 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics
  • 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
  • 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
  • 20.3 Latent Heat
  • 20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
  • 20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
  • 20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
  • 20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 21 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
  • 21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
  • 21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
  • 21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
  • 21.4 The Equipartition of Energy
  • 21.5 The Boltzmann Distribution Law
  • 21.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
  • 21.7 Mean Free Path
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 22 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • 22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • 22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
  • 22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
  • 22.4 The Carnot Engine
  • 22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines
  • 22.6 Entropy
  • 22.7 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes
  • 22.8 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale6
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• Part 4 - Electricity and Magnetism
• 23 Electric Fields
  • 23.1 Properties of Electric Charges
  • 23.2 Charging Objects By Induction
  • 23.3 Coulomb’s Law
  • 23.4 The Electric Field
  • 23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
  • 23.6 Electric Field Lines
  • 23.7 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 24 Gauss’s Law
  • 24.1 Electric Flux
  • 24.2 Gauss’s Law
  • 24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions
  • 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
  • 24.5 Formal Derivation of Gauss’s Law
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 25 Electric Potential
  • 25.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential
  • 25.2 Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field
  • 25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges
  • 25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential
  • 25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions
  • 25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor
  • 25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
  • 25.8 Applications of Electrostatics
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 26 Capacitance and Dielectrics
  • 26.1 Definition of Capacitance
  • 26.2 Calculating Capacitance
  • 26.3 Combinations of Capacitors
  • 26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
  • 26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics
  • 26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field
  • 26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 27 Current and Resistance
  • 27.1 Electric Current
  • 27.2 Resistance
  • 27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
  • 27.4 Resistance and Temperature
  • 27.5 Superconductors
  • 27.6 Electrical Power
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 28 Direct Current Circuits
  • 28.1 Electromotive Force
  • 28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
  • 28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
  • 28.4 RC Circuits
  • 28.5 Electrical Meters
  • 28.6 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 29 Magnetic Fields
  • 29.1 Magnetic Fields and Forces
  • 29.2 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor
  • 29.3 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
  • 29.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
  • 29.5 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
  • 29.6 The Hall Effect
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 30 Sources of the Magnetic Field
  • 30.1 The Biot–Savart Law
  • 30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
  • 30.3 Ampère’s Law
  • 30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
  • 30.5 Magnetic Flux
  • 30.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
  • 30.7 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law
  • 30.8 Magnetism in Matter
  • 30.9 The Magnetic Field of the Earth
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 31 Faraday’s Law
  • 31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
  • 31.2 Motional emf
  • 31.3 Lenz’s Law
  • 31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields
  • 31.5 Generators and Motors
  • 31.6 Eddy Currents
  • 31.7 Maxwell’s Equations
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 32 Inductance
  • 32.1 Self-Inductance
  • 32.2 RL Circuits
  • 32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
  • 32.4 Mutual Inductance
  • 32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
  • 32.6 The RLC Circuit
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 33 Alternating Current Circuits
  • 33.1 AC Sources
  • 33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit
  • 33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit
  • 33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit
  • 33.5 The RLC Series Circuit
  • 33.6 Power in an AC Circuit
  • 33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
  • 33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission
  • 33.9 Rectifiers and Filters
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 34 Electromagnetic Waves
  • 34.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries
  • 34.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
  • 34.3 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
  • 34.4 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
  • 34.5 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna
  • 34.6 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• Part 5 - Light and Optics
• 35 The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics
  • 35.1 The Nature of Light
  • 35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light
  • 35.3 The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics
  • 35.4 Reflection
  • 35.5 Refraction
  • 35.6 Huygens’s Principle
  • 35.7 Dispersion and Prisms
  • 35.8 Total Internal Reflection
  • 35.9 Fermat’s Principle
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 36 Image Formation
  • 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors
  • 36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
  • 36.3 Images Formed by Refraction
  • 36.4 Thin Lenses
  • 36.5 Lens Aberrations
  • 36.6 The Camera
  • 36.7 The Eye
  • 36.8 The Simple Magnifier
  • 36.9 The Compound Microscope
  • 36.10 The Telescope
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 37 Interference of Light Waves
  • 37.1 Conditions for Interference
  • 37.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
  • 37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
  • 37.4 Phasor Addition of Waves
  • 37.5 Change of Phase Due to Reflection
  • 37.6 Interference in Thin Films
  • 37.7 The Michelson Interferometer
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• 38 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization
  • 38.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns
  • 38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits
  • 38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures
  • 38.4 The Diffraction Grating
  • 38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
  • 38.6 Polarization of Light Waves
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• Part 6 - Modern Physics
• 39 Relativity
  • 39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity
  • 39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment
  • 39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
  • 39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity
  • 39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations
  • 39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations
  • 39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton’s Laws
  • 39.8 Relativistic Energy
  • 39.9 Mass and Energy
  • 39.10 The General Theory of Relativity
  • SUMMARY
  • QUESTIONS
  • PROBLEMS
• Appendix A • Tables
  • A.1 Conversion Factors
  • A.2 Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities
  • A.3 Table of Atomic Masses
• Appendix B • Mathematics Review
  • B.1 Scientific Notation
  • B.2 Algebra
  • B.3 Geometry
  • B.4 Trigonometry
  • B.5 Series Expansions
  • B.6 Differential Calculus
  • B.7 Integral Calculus
  • B.8 Propagation of Uncertainty
• Appendix C • Periodic Table of the Elements
• Appendix D • SI Units
• Appendix E • Nobel Prizes
• Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
• Credits
• Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J,K,L
  • M
  • N
  • O,P
  • Q,R
  • S
  • T
  • U,V
  • W,X,Y,Z
• Some Physical Constants
• Solar System Data
• Physical Data Often Used
• Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten
• Standard Abbreviations and Symbols for Units
• Mathematical Symbols Used in the Text and Their Meaning
• Conversions
• The Greek Alphabet
• Pedagogical Color Chart

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